COLUMNS

NOMINAL CAPACITY OF CONCENTRICALLY

LOADED SHORT COLUMNS AT ULTIMATE STAGE

At ultimate stage, fst = fy and fc = 0.85 fc’

Now,
P n = Pc + P s
Pn = Ac fc + Ast fs

Pn = 0.85 fc ( Ag − Ast ) + fy Ast

Pn = 0.85 fcAg + ( fy - 0.85 fc ) Ast

For a tied column,
Pu = φ Pn = (0.65 x 0.8) [ 0.85 fcAg + ( fy - 0.85 fc ) Ast]

For a spirally reinforced column,

Pu = φ Pn = (0.75 x 0.85) [ 0.85 fcAg + ( fy - 0.85 fc ) Ast]
LIMITING VALUES OF STEEL RATIOS

Ast
Steel Ratio = =
Ag

min = 0.01 max = 0.08

A reasonable reinforcement ratio is between 1% to

3%. It is not advisable to use reinforcement ratios
more than 3 – 4% to avoid congestion of steel.

A minimum of 4 longitudinal bars should be used in

case of tied columns whereas a minimum of 6
longitudinal bars should be used in case of spiral
columns.
CLEAR COVER REQUIREMENTS

According to ACI 318-19, Table 20.5.1.3.1,

Clear cover = 75 mm ( if soil is in contact )

Clear cover = 40 mm (Not exposed to weather on in contact to soil
Clear cover = 50 mm (Exposed to weather on in contact to soil )
DESIGN OF TIES
When dealing with design of lateral ties we have to decide
three things

Diameter of the tie bar

Longitudinal spacing of the ties
Shape of the ties
Diameter of the Tie bar
 Use # 10 diameter tie bar for longitudinal steel
having diameter ≤ 32 mm

 Use # 13 diameter tie bar for longitudinal steel

having diameter > 32 mm

Longitudinal spacing of the Ties

Spacing = Smallest of ;

a. 16 x (Diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar).

b. 48 x (Diameter of the Tie).
c. Least column dimension.
d. 300 mm.
 Shape of the Ties
Ties should be placed in such a way that every corner
longitudinal bar, every alternate bar and bars having
clear spacing greater than 150 mm, should be enclosed
by a tie having an included angle not greater than 135 o.

Corner Longitudinal Bars

Hooks

< 135
o
C.S. > 150 mm < 135
o C.S. < 150 mm

C.S. < 150 mm C.S. < 150 mm

 Hooks

o
< 135
C.S. > 150 mm Corner
Longitudinal
Bars
C.S. > 150 mm

Hooks

o
< 135
C.S. < 150 mm

C.S. < 150 mm

SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT

It is also called helical lateral reinforcement and is

very useful in increasing the ductility of the member
in earthquake sensitive regions.

Spiral reinforcement is usually provided in circular

columns and the concrete which is present inside the
spiral is called core concrete and the cover is called
shell or concrete cover.

There is no effect of confinement on the core

concrete before falling of the cover or shell but
after falling of the concrete cover, when more load
acts on the column, the confinement of the core
concrete becomes larger and larger.
The core concrete strength Vertical bars
becomes larger and larger until
the spiral yields. When spiral
yields the core concrete
strength becomes lesser and
failure takes place at very large Spirals
deformations.

There are three types of spirals,

 Light spiral Core
concrete
 ACI spiral (Balanced spiral)
 Heavy spiral
Cover
Tied column ductility is very or
much less at ultimate condition Shell
as compared to spiral columns. Spiral Column
 BEHAVIOUR OF SPIRAL AND TIED COLUMNS

Spiral column
shell spalls
Load

Heavy Spiral
Failure of
columns tied Balanced/
or with very ACI Spiral
light spirals
Light Spiral

Longitudinal Strain (Shortening)

DERIVATION OF SPIRAL FORMULAE

Terminologies
fc* Confined core concrete strength

f2 Lateral confinement stress applied by spiral on

core concrete
f2 Maximum value of f2 when spiral starts yielding

fc  Unconfined compressive strength of concrete

dsp Diameter of spiral reinforcement

Asp Area of one spiral bar

sp Spiral reinforcement ratio

Dc Diameter of core concrete

Lsp Length of one turn of spiral ≈π Dc

fsp Stress in steel spiral

S Pitch of the spiral

dsp
S = Pitch

Core
concrete
Dc
fc* = 4 f2’+ 0.85 fc’ …………… (1)
Considering equilibrium of
forces,
f2
2 Asp fsp = f2 Dc S
2 Asp fsp
f2 = ……………… (2) fsp fsp
Dc .S

Volume of spiralsteel  π 4 d π D
sp
2
c
 
sp Volume of core concrete  π 4 D S
c
2

4 Asp
 ……………………………………… (3)
sp Dc S
 .

sp Asp ……………………………………… (4)


4 Dc S
Using Equation (4) in (2),

sp fsp
f  ……………………………………… (5)
2 2
Taking fsp=fy ,

f '2  f
sp y
……………………………………… (6)
2
Using Equation (6) in (1),

fc * = 2 sp fy + 0.85 fc’

Additional strength = 2 sp fy
Reduction in strength due to falling of cover
= 0.85 fc’( Ag – Ac )

Strength added due to confinement = 2 sp fy Ac

For balanced spiral,

0.85 fc’( Ag – Ac ) = 2 sp
fy Ac

A
f '
 0.425  1
c  g

sp
fy  Ac 

According to ACI 318-19, Section 25.7.3.3,

A
f ' 
 0.45  1 for fy  700 MPa
c  g
…………… (7)
sp(min)
fy  Ac 
Now from Equation (3),
4 Asp 4  
π d 2
4 sp π d
sp
2
……………………… (8)
  
sp Dc S D S D S
c c

Comparing Equation (7) and (8),

f ' A  π dsp 2
0.45 c  1 
 g 

fy  Ac  Dc S
So,

π dsp2 fy
Smax  A 
0.45 Dc fc'  1 
 g
 Ac 
 
DESIGN OF SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT

Diameter of the spiral bar = 10 mm or less

Minimum pitch, Clear Spacing Smin = larger of;

 1.33 x (Maximum aggregate size) and

 25 mm

Clear pitch must not be larger than 75 mm

( 25.7.3.1 ).

π dsp2 fy
Smax  A 
0.45 Dc fc'  1 
 g
 Ac 
 
CONCLUDED