Geologi Dasar

(MGD 301)
Materi 8B

Program Studi Teknik Perminyakan

Fakultas Teknologi Mineral dan Energi
Universitas Trisakti
2011
Materi 2
- - PENGERTIAN GEOLOGI
- BUMI SEBAGAI PLANET
- LITHOSFERA - MINERAL
- BATUAN : BT, BEKU
BT SEDIMEN
BT, METAMORP
- STRATIGRAFI
- STRUKTUR GEOLOGI
- P E TA
- TERJADI MINYAK BUMI - HAKEKAT MINYAK BUMI
Tectonic Forces at Work
Stress and Strain in the Earth’s Crust

Behavior of Rocks to Stress and Strain

Present Deformation of the Crust

Structural Geology
study of the “architecture of the crust”
….by examination of deformed rocks

DEFORMATION: changes in location, orientation, shape, volume

…results from stresses that exceed rock strength…

ductile (bends) brittle (breaks)

same material (fence) deforms in different ways
from: Davis and Reynolds, 1996
rocks, like the fence, will deform in different ways, depending upon
the properties of the rock and the nature of the applied stress

folds faults
three categories of fundamental structures:
1) contacts--separate rock bodies
• normal depositional contacts and unconformities
• intrusive contacts
• fault contacts
2) primary structures--develop during formation of rock body
• in sediment before it becomes sedimentary rock
…cross beds, ripple marks, etc.
• in lava or magma before they become igneous rock
…ropy texture in basalt, vesicles, etc.
3) secondary structures--develop after formation of rock
• joints, shear fractures, and veins
• faults
• folds secondary are
• foliations and lineations theme of this class
• shear zones
sometimes distinguishing primary and secondary is difficult
Earth’s Plates
 Struktur Geologi :

Lipatan : Antiklin

Sesar Naik

Sesar Turun

Sesar Mendatar

Model Simple Shear (K.R. McClay, 1987)

CA Tectonic Elements
1975
, CA -
1992
Palmdale, CA Road Cut
kinematic analysis: 4 possible types of movements
time 1 time 2
translation
(rigid body)

rotation
(rigid body)

distortion; strain
(shape changes)

volume change
(dilation, contraction)
looking at it another way:

dilation translation

rotation distortion
(strain)

from: Davis and Reynolds, 1996

distinction between stress and strain:

• stress is instantaneous; exists only when applied

• strain is the deformation in the rock that results
(this is basis for detailed structural analysis)

an applied stress yields strain

each has its own terms associated with it:

stress: compression and tension

strain: shortening (contraction) and lengthening (extension)

What stress is responsible for formation of geologic structures?

Stress-Strain
Shear stress and strain
Stress-Strain Curves

Elastic Limit
Structures as a Record of the
Geologic Past
Geologic Maps and Field Methods
Strike and Dip
Measuring Folds
Other Strain Markers
Ca
Strikes and Dips
Field Measurements
Maps and X-sections
 Folds
Geometry of Folds
Fold Axis
Axial Plane
Limbs and Hinges
Fold Types
Upright
Open
Isoclinal
Overturned
Recumbant
Interpreting Folds
Fold Elements
Photo credit: G. Mattioli
Fold Opening vs. Age Relations
Synform: concave upward (toward the Earth’s
center) fold.
Antiform: concave downward (away from the
Earth’s center) fold.
Syncline: concave upward with youngest
rocks in the hinge of fold.
Anticline: concave downwards with oldest
rocks in the hinge of fold.
Can have synformal anticlines and
antiformal synclines!
Syncline & Anticline
Plunging Folds
Appalachian Mountains: large folds easily scene from above

folding: manifestation of ductile deformation

• develops without fracturing
• distributes deformation throughout entire structure
 Canadian Rockies

chevron folds

plunging folds

both from: http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~geolweb/slides.html

 recumbent folds

outcrop
http://www.eos.duke.edu/geo41/geo41.htm

Swiss Alps
from: http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~geolweb/slides.html
pictures are worth a thousand words…

syncline
anticline

can you see the fold?

all from http://www.eos.duke.edu/geo41/geo41.htm

cylindrical fold
from: http://earth.leeds.ac.uk/learnstructure/index.htm
 folds exist at all scales from < mm to entire mountain ranges

both from: http://www.stmarys.ca/academic/science/geology/structural/

why do folds exist?

how do they form?
what does it mean for regional
analysis?
what do they tell us
about kinematics
much was worked out
decades ago--folds have
from: http://earth.leeds.ac.uk/learnstructure/index.htm always intrigued geologists
Domes
Fractures in Rock
Joints
 Crack or fracture with little or no motion
 Columnar jointing: tensional features due to cooling
 Sheet joint: tensional features related to expansion
Faults
 Dip Slip
 Normal
 Reverse
 Thrust
 Strike Slip
 Oblique Slip
 Transtension
 Transpression
Joint
MaximumSets
Principal Horizontal
Stress

Vertical
Fault Zone
Fault Geometries
Hanging Wall vs. Foot Wall
Normal Fault Models
Fault Outcrop type ?
dynamic analysis
• interprets forces, stresses, mechanics that yield structures
• explains physical and geometric character of structures,
kinematics, and relationship between stress and strain
• describes orientation and magnitude of stress and response of
material

physical and mathematical models

scale model: faulted layers of sand

quantitative mathematical models can be complex
from: Davis and Reynolds, 1996
Structures and the Search for Petroleum
Salt Domes: large masses of salt that have a
generally diapiric shape. Less dense than
surrounding rock and therefore tend to rise
within the crust.
Traps: locations where petroleum accumulates.
Traps form from upwarping of surrounding
sedimentary layers as well as faulting in the units
above the dome.
May either be structurally controlled or
stratigraphically controlled.
Salt Domes
Oil Traps - Salt
Salt Body Outcrop

Note well developed folding, which related to the salt motion.

Fold Traps
Eroded Anticline
Fault and Other Traps
Reverse Fault Models
Reverse Fault Outcrop
Thrust Fault

Thrust faults are low angle reverse faults,

which emplace older rocks over young rocks.
“Typical Mountain Belt”
Block Normal Faulting
Normal Faulting Models
Strike Slip Fault
Offset Channels
uctions

Motion on San Andreas Fault starts ~30 myBP

with rifting in Gulf of California
 Pustaka dan Acuan :
- Prodi Teknik Geologi FTKE Usakti
- Museum Geologi
- Pusat Survei Geologi
- Pusat Lingkungan Geologi
- Berbagai Situs Internet