PRESENTATION

OF
INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY.
PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGES
 Programming languages enable the
programmer to describe a program
using a variation of basic English.
 DEFINITION

 A set of words, symbols and codes

used to write programs is called
program language.
THE EVOLUTION OF
PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGES

 The first programming language

designed to communicate
instruction to a computer was
written in the 1950s.
LOW −LEVEL LANGUAGES
 These languages are near to computer
hardware and far from human
languages.
 Computer can understand these
languages easily.
TYPES OF LOW LEVEL
LANGUAGES
Machine Language.

Assembly Language.
MACHINE LANGUAGE
oA type of language in which
instructions are written in binary form
is called machine language.
o The machine language is slightly
different for different systems.
o It is also called first generation
language.
MACHINE LANGUAGE
 Using a machine language, a
programmer creates instructions in the
form of machine code (1’s and 0’s)
that a computer can
follow.
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE OR 2ND
GL
 Assembly language is one step higher
than machine languages.
 In assembly language symbols are
use instead of binary codes.
 These symbols are called
mnemonics.
 An assembler is used to convert
assembly language to machine
language.
HIGH−LEVEL LANGUAGES

 High level languages were

designed to make programming
easier.
 High level languages are close to
human language and far from
computer hardware.
TYPES OF HIGH LEVEL
LANGUAGES
 High level languages are further
more classified into more
categories
• Third generation Languages
• Fourth generation languages
• Fifth generation languages
THIRD GENERATION
LANGUAGES

 Third generation languages make it

easier to write structured programs.
 Third generation languages are
different from one another in their
syntax, but they are fairly English-like
and not too hard to follow.
TYPES OF THIRD
GENERATION LANGUAGE

 FORTRAN
 BASIC
 COBOL
C
 C++
 JAVA
 ActiveX
FORTRAN
 FORTRAN stands for FORmula
TRANslation
 It is mainly use for engineering
application and scientific use.
BASIC
 BASIC stand for Beginner All Purpose
Symbolic Instruction Code.
 It was used mainly by students to
use the computer for solving simple
problems.
 It is easy to understand.

 It is widely used for education

purposes.
 It was created in late 1960s.
COBOL
 COBOL stands for Common
Business Oriented Language.
 It is especially designed for
business application.
 It was developed in early 1960s.
C
C language is a popular high
level language.
 C produces programs with fast
and efficient executable code.
 It was developed in 1972.
C++
C language is replaced by C++.
 It is object oriented programming
language.
 It is extremely powerful and efficient
language.
 It was developed in 1980.

 It provide facilities to write application

software as well as system software.
JAVA
 Java is an object oriented
programming language.
 It was developed to control
microprocessors used in VCR and
toasters etc.
 With java, web designers can create
interactive and dynamic programs for
web pages.
 It was developed in 1990s.
ACTIVEX
 ActiveX code creates self
contained functions similar to
java.
 At present , ActiveX is
implemented on windows 9x,
windows NT etc. and there are
plans for supporting UNIX also.
FOURTH GENERATION
LANGUAGES
 4GL also called non_ procedural
languages.
 4GL are easier to use than 3GL.

 In 4GL user only needs to tell the

computer “what to do” not “how to
do”.
 These languages are normally used in
database application and report
generation.
TYPES OF 4GL
RPG

.NET
RPG
 RPG stands for Report Program
Generator.
 It is use to generate business
report.
 It is mostly use with IBM
computers.
 It was developed in early 1960s
by IBM.
.NET
 .NET combines several
programming languages into one
IDE (Integrated Development
Environment).
 .NET developers can write
programs for Windows ,WWW
and pocket PC.
5TH GENERATION LANGUAGES
These languages are also
called intelligent languages.
Translators for these
languages are very expensive
and complex.
Most of these languages are
still in experimental phase.
COMPILER
ACompiler is a program
that converts the instruction
of a high level language into
machine language as a
whole.
INTERPRETER

Aninterpreter is a
program that converts
one statement of a
program at one time.
WEB LANGUAGE
 Few technology components at late
affected our culture like the internet
and the world Wide web.
 The internet has evolved from
simple text-based messages to
complex web sites that are visual,
interactive and responsive.
WEB LANGUAGE
 Likewise ,web-related development
tools have evolved in power and
capabilities.
 Therefore , it is impossible to talk in
a co-temporary context about
programming and development
without talking about tools that
make web development possible.
TYPES OF WEB LANGUAGE
 HTML
(Hypertext markup language)
 XML
(Extensible markup language)
 XHTML

(Extensible HTML)
 XSL

(Extensible style sheet language)

 XHTMLMP

(Extensible markup language mobile

profile)
THANK YOU