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Building Material and Construction-Iii
Building Material and Construction-Iii
AND CONSTRUCTION-III
o Endogenous Trees
e.g. deodar, Chir, fir, kail, pine and larch. They show
distinct annual rings, have straight fibres and are soft
with pine as an exception, light in colour, resinous and
light weight.
Late wood
• slower growth, often limited by lack of water
• thick small cells - darker colour
• gives the growth ring
Softwood
– needle-like leaves
– generally lower
densities
– often light in colour
Softwood / Hardwood
• Mainly broad leafed
• Mainly conifers – needle like
leaves • Vessels (walls made of a
• All cells transport nutrients number of cells) transport
within tree nutrients
• Growth stresses –
• Growth stresses – tension on
inside compression on inside
• Most hardwoods thicker cell
• Most softwoods thinner cell
walls walls
– light in colour, lower density, – darker in colour, higher density,
lower hardness. higher hardness
• Open cell structure makes • Closed cell structure makes
heartwood more receptive to heartwood more difficult to
treatment treat
Table: Difference between soft wood and Hard wood
Generally, the rings are widest at the center and narrower nearer the
bark.
Also, the rings are widest at the bottom in young, thrifty trees and
near the top in old ones.
1.4 Classification of Timber
The terms timber and wood are often used
synonymously, but they have distinct meanings in
the building industry. Wood is the hard, fibrous
material that makes up the tree under the bark,
whereas timber may be defined as a wood which
retains its natural physical structure and chemical
composition and is suitable for various
engineering works.
Only two lengths are recognized, long(L) which is 5m and above, and
short(S) that is under 5m. Each log is stamped such as BAL(Beam, A-
class, long), PBS (Plank, B-class, short), etc. Some times another letter
is also added indicating the species, e.g. T for teak.
Grade C: This classification is based on
qualitative evaluation of defects and rough
estimate of out-turn of utilizable material.
Livesawing
Back sawing
Quarter sawing
1.Live Sawing
This is one of the most popular methods
of sawing. The log is cut in parallel cuts
in the direction of grain
A gang saw is used to convert whole logs
into timber in one pass.
Live Sawing
Advantages of live sawn
Low cost and fast
Maximum width of planks obtained from
log.
Little wastage
Reveals attractive grain pattern
,especially in softwoods.
Disadvantages of Live sawn
Not suitable for structural timber
Seasoning defects
With this method cupping caused by
tangential shrinkage is a problem