Integration of Distributed Generation using

Multilevel Invertor for Grid Connected

Energy Systems
SUPERVISOR: DR. MUHAMMAD KAMRAN

PRESENTED BY:

Maaz Ahmad
2013-MS-ENR-15
 Why Distributed Generation
 The present power system is dominated by Conventional Power Resources
 Conventional Power Resources such as Thermal Power Plants (Oil, Coal,
Gas) are polluting the environment
 These resources have high carbon foot print in them
 Their oxides are affecting the Earth’s atmosphere and also ozone layer
 Conventional Power Resources are depleting very fast
 This system injects large amounts of power into the extra high voltage
transmission network in order to transmit power to remote areas at a cost of
very high transmission losses
 Here comes the idea of Distributed Power Generation
 Instead of Power Transmission from a long distance, generate it locally
 World is moving towards Non-Conventional Power Resources / Renewable
Energy Resources
 These resources include Solar, Wind, Geo-Thermal, Bio-Gas , Tidal, Hydel ,
Fuel Cell etc
 These resources are also called Green Energy Resources
 These resources have no poisonous oxides that can affect the atmosphere
 Power from these resources is utilized with the help of some Power
Electronics converters
 Why Multilevel Inverter
 The AC output available from an inverter should have less distortion in
order to obtain a good power quality
 To obtain low distortion on the output voltage waveforms, the conventional
inverters are switched at very high frequency ranging from few KHz up to
100 KHz
 High switching frequency causes high dv/dt of output voltages
 Higher switching losses, voltage doubling effects produce electro-magnetic
interferences
 Conventional inverters are square wave inverters
 Why Multilevel Inverter
Following points briefly summarize the selection of Multilevel Inverter for this
research:
 Multilevel Inverters have been preferred over conventional inverters
because can generate a staircase output voltage waveform
 It can result in a better approximation to a sinusoidal waveform
 A better sinusoidal waveform mean very small Total Harmonic Distortion
 It generates output with low distortion
 IGBT or MOSFET can be used as switch
 It produces output with low dv/dt stress
 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) problems can be reduced
 Draws input current with low distortion
 Harmonic content in this stair case waveform is very small as compared to
conventional inverters
 Multilevel Inverters can generate a staircase output voltage waveform as the
number of DC voltages increases.
 Multilevel inverter reaches the higher output voltage and power levels such
as (13.8 kV, 30 MVA)
 Multilevel Inverters have been applied every field where high power and
power quality are essential
 Drawbacks of Multilevel Inverter
Following points briefly summarize some of the drawbacks of Multilevel
Inverter:
 It has complex structure
 It utilizes more input sources
 Its control circuit is very complex
 Classification of Multilevel Inverter
Multilevel Inverters can be classified as:

Multilevel Inverter

Symmetric Asymmetric
Multilevel Inverter Multilevel Inverter

In which DC
In which DC
source output are
source output are
not equal in
equal in magnitude
magnitude
 Classification of Multilevel Inverter
Multilevel Inverters can also be classified on the basis of their working:

Multilevel Inverter

Diode Flying Cascaded

Clamped Capacitor H-Bridge
 Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter
A diode transfers a limited amount of voltage, thereby reducing the stress on
other electrical devices. The maximum output voltage is half of the input DC
voltage. It is the main drawback of the diode clamped multilevel inverter.
Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter
The main concept of this inverter is to use capacitors. It is of series
connection of capacitor clamped switching cells. The capacitors transfer
the limited amount of voltage to electrical devices
 Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel
Inverter
A cascade multilevel inverter is a power electronic device built to synthesize a
desired AC voltage from several levels of DC voltages. Where the DC levels are
considered to be identical in all of them are either batteries, solar cells, etc.
A generalized expression is given as
m=2s+1
where S is the number of DC sources used
m is the total number of output levels
Comparison of Multilevel Topologies
Following table shows the Comparison of Multilevel Topologies
Sr.No. Topology Diode Clamped Flying Cascaded H-Bridge
Capacitor
  Power      
1 semiconductor 2(m-1) 2(m-1) 2(m-1)
switches
  Clamping      
2 diodes per (m-1)(m-2) 0 0
phase
  DC bus      
3 capacitors (m-1) (m-1) (m-1)/2
  Balancing      
4 capacitors per 0 (m-1)(m- 0
phase 2)/2
Voltage      
5 unbalancing Average High very small
    Motor drive Motor drive Motor drive system,
6 Applications system, system, PV, fuel cells,
STATCOM STATCOM battery system
 Topology
 The cascaded H-bridges multilevel inverter introduces the idea of using
Separate DC Sources (SDCSs) to produce an AC voltage waveform. Each
H-bridge inverter is connected to its own DC source Vdc. By cascading the
AC outputs of each H-bridge inverter, an AC voltage waveform is produced.
 Selective Harmonics Elimination and Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation
techniques are to be applied.
 Major advantage of employing SHE method is that we can apply gate
pulses to the power electronics switches at desired output frequency
 Employing this technique along with the multilevel topology, the low Total
Harmonic Distortion THD output waveform without any filter circuit is
possible.
 The equation for the fundamental frequency switching control method can
be expressed as:

 These harmonic equations are transcendental equations. They are difficult

to solve without using some sort of numerical iterative technique. Here
Newton-Raphson method will be employed for solving these equations.
 Topology
Transcendental Equations have to be solved using MATLAB. We derived
harmonic equations for eliminating the 5th, 7th, 11th and 13th order
harmonics. The resulting harmonic equations are:

cos(θ1) + cos(θ2) + cos(θ3) + cos(θ4) + cos(θ5) = m (1)

cos(5θ1) + cos(5θ2) + cos(5θ3) + cos(5θ4) + cos(5θ5) = 0 (2)

cos(7θ1) + cos(7θ2) + cos(7θ3) + cos(7θ4) + cos(7θ5) = 0 (3)

cos(11θ1) + cos(11θ2) + cos(11θ3) + cos(11θ4) + cos(11θ5) = 0 (4)

cos(13θ1) + cos(13θ2) + cos(13θ3) + cos(13θ4) + cos(13θ5) = 0 (5)

Where m = πV1 /4Vdc, called Modulation Index.

After solving these equations, following firing angles have been found.
θ1 = 6.57° θ2 = 18.97° θ3 = 27.18° θ4 = 45.14°
θ5 = 62.24°
 Topology

Solar Panel

Solar Panel

Multilevel Bus
Solar Panel Bar Grid
Inverter

Solar Panel

Solar Panel

Firing angles
Load
for switches
 SIMULATION WORK
The whole system has been designed in MATLAB Simulink. Following figure
shows the Single Phase 5-Level Multilevel Inverter using SHE method.
 SIMULATION WORK
Output waveform has been shown in reference of a Sinusoidal waveform.
While 2nd figure shows the Total Harmonic Distortion of 5 Level MLI.
 SIMULATION WORK
The whole system has been designed in MATLAB Simulink. Following figure
shows the Single Phase 7-Level Multilevel Inverter using SHE method.
 SIMULATION WORK
Output waveform has been shown in reference of a Sinusoidal waveform.
While 2nd figure shows the Total Harmonic Distortion of 7 Level MLI.
 SIMULATION WORK
The whole system has been designed in MATLAB Simulink. Following figure
shows the Single Phase 11-Level Multilevel Inverter using SHE method.
 SIMULATION WORK
Output waveform has been shown in reference of a Sinusoidal waveform.
While 2nd figure shows the Total Harmonic Distortion of 11 Level MLI.
 THD OF FIVE,SEVEN,NINE AND ELEVEN LEVEL
INVERTERS
Following table shows the Comparison of Multilevel Topologies

Parameters Five level Seven level Nine level Eleven level

inverter inverter inverter inverter
       
Voltage Level 241.6 312 401 497.4
       
THD for Voltage 28.10% 11.82% 11.1% 8.03%

From the different levels of simulation it is clear that THD can be decreased
by increasing number of levels which validates the proposed control strategy.
 THD OF FIVE,SEVEN,NINE AND ELEVEN LEVEL
INVERTERS
Following chart shows as levels ae increased, THD reduces.

THD Analysis of MLI

500
450
400
350
Voltage

300
250
200
150
100
50
0 5-Level 7-Level 9-level 11-level
 SIMULATION WORK
The whole system has been designed in MATLAB Simulink. Following figure
shows the Three Phase 11-Level Multilevel Inverter using SHE method.
 SIMULATION WORK
Output waveform has been shown for three phase 11 Level MLI using SHE
method.
 SIMULATION WORK
Output waveform has been shown in reference of a Sinusoidal waveform.
 SIMULATION WORK
Output waveform has been shown in reference of a Sinusoidal waveform.
While 2nd figure shows the Total Harmonic Distortion of 11 Level MLI.
 SIMULATION WORK
If a filter circuit is introduced, THD content will reduce further, that has been
shown below.
 SIMULATION WORK
Output waveform has been shown in reference of a Sinusoidal waveform.
While 2nd figure shows the Total Harmonic Distortion of 11 Level MLI.
 SIMULATION WORK
THD of Three Phase 11-Level MLI with filter circuit found by FFT Matlab
Simulink block is shown below.
 SIMULATION WORK
Following circuit shows the Stand Alone power system for RL Load
 SIMULATION WORK
THD of Three Phase 11-Level MLI with filter circuit for RL Load found by FFT
Matlab Simulink block is shown below.
 SIMULATION WORK
Following circuit shows the DG Power System Connected to the Grid. Circuit
Breakers have installed on both sides, while is connected between them. As
simulation starts, Power is supplied to Load via Grid. At this time C.B of local
generation is open.
A load of 5KW has been connected.
 SIMULATION WORK
After some time interval, Power from Grid will be cut off and load will be then
supplied via local power generation.
 SIMULATION WORK
THD of load has been shown when it is fed by local power generation
 Utilization of Research
The research results will be used to:
 Integration of Distributed Generation into Conventional Power Grid
 Reducing the power generation requirements by Conventional Power
Systems
 Use of Renewable Energy Resources
 No Environmental Impacts
 Reduction of THD in waveform generated by inverter
 THD reduces as number of sources are increased
 Cost of the power electronics device increases exponentially as the voltage
level of device increases
 By utilizing more number of switches at low voltage level, high voltage level
can be achieved
 Building a better economy
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THANK YOU!