VOLCANOES

VOLCANO

IS AN OPENING OR VENT
IN THE EARTH’S CRUST
THROUGH WHICH LAVA
OR MOLTEN ROCK IS
EJECTED
 HOW VOLCANOES ARE
FORMED
PLATE TECTONICS THEORY
– THE EARTH IS MADE UP
OF BIG SLABS OF ROCK
KNOWN AS PLATES WHICH
IS CONTINUOUSLY MOVING
 PARTS OF A VOLCANO
 APEX OR SUMMIT
 CRATER
 FLANKS
 CONDUIT
 SECONDARY PIPES
 MAGMA CHAMBER
PARTS OF A VOLCANO
 CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES

 ACTIVE VOLCANOES
 INACTIVE VOLCANOES
 POTENTIALLY ACTIVE
VOLCANOES
 SUBMARINE VOLCANOES
- volcanoes underwater.
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
ACCORDING TO
ACTIVITY
 ACTIVE VOLCANOES

- VOLCANOES THAT HAVE ERUPTED

WITHIN THE LAST 600 YEARS. THESE
TYPES OF VOLCANOES ARE EXPECTED
TO STILL ERUPT IN THE FUTURE.
 MAYON VOLCANO
- MOST ACTIVE VOLCANO IN THE
PHILIPPINES. IT IS LOCATED IN ALBAY.
 TAAL VOLCANO
- SECOND MOST ACTIVE VOLCANO IN THE
PHILIPPINES.
 KANLAON VOLCANO
- THIRD MOST ACTIVE VOLCANO IN THE
PHILIPPINES. IT CAN BE FOUND IN
NEGROS ORIENTAL.
 BULUSAN VOLCANO
- FOURTH MOST ACTIVE VOLCANO IN THE
PHILIPPINES AND IS LOCATED IN THE
PROVINCE OF SORSOGON.
 MOUNT PINATUBO
- ITS ERUPTION IS KNOWN AS THE SECOND
LARGEST ERUPTION OF THE TWENTIETH
CENTURY. IT IS LOCATED IN THE
BOUNDARY OF THREE PROVINCES –
TARLAC, PAMPANGA AT ZAMBALES.
 KILAUEA VOLCANO
- MOST ACTIVE VOLCANO IN THE WORLD.
IT LIES ON THE ISLAND OF HAWAII,
UNITED STATES.
 MOUNT ETNA
- LARGEST ACTIVE VOLCANO IN EUROPE. IT
CAN BE FOUND IN SICILY, ITALY.
 PITON DE LA FOURNAISE
- ALSO KNOWN AS THE PEAK OF THE
FURNACE. IT IS CONSIDERED BY
EXPERTS AS ONE OF THE TOP THREE
MOST ACTIVE VOLCANOES WORLDWIDE.
IT IS LODGED ON REUNION ISLAND IN
THE INDIAN OCEAN.
 SANTA MARIA VOLCANO
- ITS ERUPTION IN 1902 IS CONSIDERED AS
ONE OF THE LARGEST ERUPTIONS OF
THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. IT LIES IN
THE WESTERN HIGHLANDS OF
GUATEMALA.
 MOUNT NYIRAGONGO
- MOST ACTIVE VOLCANO IN AFRICA. IT
LIES IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF
CONGO.
 STROMBOLI VOLCANO
- LIGHTHOUSE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN, IT
IS A PART OF AN UNDERWATER OR
SUBMARINE VOLCANO AND LIES IN
SICILY.
 MOUNT YASUR
- KNOWN AS THE LIGHTHOUSE OF THE
PACIFIC. IT CAN BE SEEN ON THE ISLAND
OF TANNA IN VANUATU.
 SANGAY VOLCANO
- IT HAS A PERFECT STEEP CONE AND ITS
SUMMIT IS COVERED WITH GLACIER.
 MOUNT ST. HELENS
- ITS ERUPTION IS KNOWN AS THE
DEADLIEST AND MOST DESTRUCTIVE
VOLCANIC ERUPTION IN THE UNITED
STATES.
 POTENTIALLY ACTIVE VOLCANOES

- MORPHOLOGICALLY YOUNG-LOOKING
VOLCANOES WITH NO HISTORICAL
ERUPTION
 MOUNT APO
- IT IS THE HIGHEST POINT IN THE
COUNTRY. MOST FAMOUS POTENTIALLY
ACTIVE VOLCANO IN THE PHILIPPINES.
 INACTIVE VOLCANOES
- VOLCANOES WITH NO RECORD OF
ERUPTION.
 CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES
BASED ON ERUPTIVE PATTERNS
AND CHARACTERISTIC FORMS
VOLCANOES CAN BE CLASSIFIED IN TERMS
OF THEIR PATTERNS AND
CHARACTERISTIC FORMS.
 SHIELD VOLCANO

- A VOLCANO WITH BROAD SUMMIT AREAS,

WHICH MAKES IT RESEMBLE A
WARRIOR’S SHIELD. IT IS ENTIRELY
MADE UP OF FLUID FLOWS. ITS
DISTINCTIVE FORM IS MAINLY DUE TO
THE BROAD SHEETS OF ACCUMULATED
LAVA.

MaunaVolcano
Kilauea Loa
 CINDER CONE OR SCORIA CONE

- A STEEP CONICAL HILL OF VOLCANIC

DEBRIS DEPOSITED AROUND THE
VOLCANO

Cerro Negro
 COMPOSITE VOLCANO OR
STRATOVOLCANO
- A TALL AND CONICAL VOLCANO BUILT UP
BY SEVERAL STRATA OR LAYERS OF
ERUPTIVE MATERIALS.

Mount Fuji
Mayon Volcano
 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions

Volcanoes are reflections of the fiery power

contained deep within the Earth. These
formations are essentially vents on the Earth’s
surface through which volcanic materials such
as lava, pyroclastic materials, tephra, lahar
and volcanic gases from the Earth’s interior
are emitted.
 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions
 LAVA FLOW – mass of lavaor molten rock
flowing downslope from the vent.
Types of lava flows:
 ANDESITIC and RYOLITIC – havr high
viscosity; thus they trap gas and build
pressure, making the volcano erupt
explosively.
 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions
 BASALTIC – flows in thin, broad sheets
because of its low viscosity.
 Two types of basaltic lava flow:
 AA – have surfaces of rough jagged blocks
with dangerously sharp edges and spiny
projections.
 PAHOEHOE – exhibit smooth surfaces often
resemble the twisted braids of ropes.
 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions
 LAVA TUBES – hardened basaltic flows
commonly containing cavelike tunnels.
 PYROCLASTIC MATERIALS are the
pulverized rocks, volcanic blocks, basaltic
bombs, lava, ash, glass fragments and gases.
 PYROCLASTIC FLOW – flow of hot, dry
mass of gases and fragments.
 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions
 PYROCLASTIC SURGE – high velocity
current of rocks, gases or water.
 TEPHRA FLOWS – consist of volcanic rocks
and crystals with particle sizes of less than 2
mm in diameter.
 LAHAR – mass composed of water and
debris, usually a mudflow of volcanic ash.
 Theories of Volcanic Eruptions
 One theory explains that the buoyancy and
pressure of the gas within the Earth’s crust
cause a volcano to erupt. Magma is formed
when the asthenosphere, which is the upper
part of the mantle, melts.
 Theories of Volcanic Eruptions
 Based on the second theory, the solubility of
dissolved gases in magma such as sulfur
dioxide and carbon dioxide, increases as the
pressure increases.
 Theories of Volcanic Eruptions
 The third theory states that a volcano erupts
when new magma is injected into chamber
that is already brimming with magma of a
similar or different composition.
 Strength of Volcanic Eruptions
 The primary factors that affect the violence of
an explosion include the temperature and
composition of magma and the amount of
dissolved gases it contains.
 Strength of Volcanic Eruptions
 Another significant factor influencing
volcanic behavior is the chemical composition
of magmas.
 Strength of Volcanic Eruptions
 The amount of dissolved gases the magma
contains also affects the violence of a volcanic
eruption.
 Effects of Volcanic Eruptions
 Volcanic eruptions are generally hazardous to
living things and damaging to nonliving
things.
 They can also cause substantial changes in the
climate.
 It has advantages in terms of industrial and
chemical uses.
 Geothermal energy – heat generated within
the earth.
 Signs of an Impending Volcanic Eruption

 A deep rumble, a puff of smoke and ash

usually foreshadow a major volcanic event.
 No two volcanic eruptions happen in exactly
the same way.
 The most important sign of an impending
volcanic eruption is any seismic activity that
occurs beneath the volcanic area.
 Signs of an Impending Volcanic Eruption

 Fumaroles – small openings in the Earth’s

crust
 Deformation of the ground surface in the
vicinity of a volcano may also indicate that
magma is approaching the surface.
 Emergency Preparedness
 WHAT TO DO BEFORE AN
EARTHQUAKE
 WHAT TO DO DURING AN
EARTHQUAKE
 WHAT TO DO AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE