BIO-DIESEL TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS

Presented by

Md. Mehedi Hasan (2017322005)

Mir Md. Rakibul Hasan Ribu (2017322006)
2 INTRODUCTION
� The demand to find an alternative to fossil fuel has led
to the production and development of biodiesel fuel .
� High dependence on petroleum fossil fuels has led to
uncertainty in price and supply,
� The increasing demand for biodiesel is also due to
awareness of the environmental impact of emissions
from conventional fossil fuels combustion and the
decline in domestic oil production.
� Biodiesel has clear advantages over fossil fuels because
they are biodegradable and has minimal toxicity.
3 INTRODUCTION
❏ Biodiesel has clear advantages over fossil fuels because
it is
- Biodegradable
- It has almost zero emissions of aromatic compounds
and other chemical substances that are destructive to
the environment.
- Minimal toxicity.
- Compared to diesel fuel, biodiesel produces no sulfur,
less carbon monoxide, less particulate matters, less
smoke and hydrocarbons emission and more oxygen.
Because of advantages of biodiesel its popularity is
increasing throughout the world. like other parts of the
world it is producing in Asian countries also.
4 BIO-DIESEL DEFINITION
Biodiesel is a mixture of fatty acid alkyl esters.
Commercially, biodiesel is produced through a
transesterification process in the presence of alcohol and
catalyst. This process involves the conversion of
triglycerides (oil) to methyl ester (biodiesel) and by-
product (glycerol).
Biodiesel is non-explosive, non-flammable biodegradable,
non-toxic, renewable and environment friendly
5 BIODIESEL PROPERTIES

� Flash point is normally above 170℃.

� Heating values of biodiesel (39­40 MJ/kg) are about 10%
lower than diesel fuels (42­46 MJ/kg).
� The cetane numbers of biodiesel normally range from
40 to 70 while of diesel range from 47 to 55.
� The iodine value ranges from 0 to 200.
� The cloud and pour points of biodiesel are higher than
those of diesel fuels.
� the viscosity of biodiesel is slightly greater than that of
petroleum diesel.
6 Comparative analysis of Biodiesel
and Petrodiesel
7 BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FLOW CHART
� Feedstocks production, for example of vegetable oils,
animal fats (e.g. lard, tallow, poultry fat, fish oil) and
microalgae.
� Feedstocks processing, including oil extraction and pre-
treatment.
� Biodiesel production.
� Biodiesel post-treatment and blending.
� Distribution and final use.
 Edible and Nonedible Feedstock
8
9
COMMON BIODIESEL FEEDSTOCK
10 ANALYTICAL MEASUREMENT FOR BIODIESEL
 Chromatographic methods
 Spectroscopic methods
 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
 Infra-red spectroscopy
 Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry
(ICP-OES)
 Viscometry
 Titration for determining free fatty acids
 Wet chemical methods
11
BIODIESEL BIOCATALYSIS
 Free biocatalysts
- Microbial lipases are the most commonly used biocatalyst
- cheaper than immobilized lipases
 Immobilized biocatalysts
- polyfoam, silica, sepabeads are used as Carriers.
- low bond strength between enzyme and support.
 Whole-cell biocatalysts
- is cheaper
- it doesn't require the enzyme purification and isolation steps
- Rhizopus and Aspergillus are most generally used Whole-cell
biocatalysts.
12 EXTRACTION STRATEGIES

•Mechanical Press Extraction

- Seeds are first heated to 40­-50℃ then crushed in a screw press. Ideal for
smaller production firms.
•Solvent Extraction Process
- Hexane is normally used as solvent to dissolve the oil, which can then be
recovered and separated from the oil by distillation.
•Enzymatic extraction method
- oil is extracted by suitable enzymes.
- environmentally friendly but high cost for enzymes.
13 TECHNOLOGY USED FOR PRODUCTION

� Pyrolysis
� Micro-emulsification.
� Dilution/Blending
� Transesterification.

Of all these process, Transesterification process used

widely.
14 TECHNOLOGY USED FOR PRODUCTION
� Pyrolysis
15 TECHNOLOGY USED FOR PRODUCTION
� Micro-emulsification
16 TECHNOLOGY USED FOR PRODUCTION
Dilution/Blending
17 TECHNOLOGY USED FOR PRODUCTION
Transesterification
18 MODERN PROCESS FOR BIODIESEL
PRODUCTION

1. Heterogeneous catalyzed biodiesel production process

2. Biological catalyzed biodiesel production process
3. Reaction in supercritical media
4. Microwave assisted transesterification
5. Ultrasound-assisted biodiesel production process
6. Catalytic cracking
7. Municipal Sewage Sludge for Biodiesel Production
19 HETEROGENEOUS CATALYZED PROCESS
� Catalysts used here are not in the same phase as reactants. They are
in solid phase usually, unlike traditional homogeneous catalysts.
� homogeneous catalysts have undesirable production of both, soap
and glycerol, so production costs increases . It can overcome by the
use of heterogeneous catalysts.
� It is less corrosive, can be used in a fixed-bed reactor, leading to safer,
cheaper and more environment-friendly operation.
� The most commonly studied heterogeneous basic catalysts are
alkaline metals carbonates (Na2CO3), alkaline earth metal carbonates
(CaCO3), alkaline earth metal oxides (CaO, BaO) and other oxides as
ZnO
20 BIOLOGICAL CATALYZED
BIODIESEL PRODUCTION PROCESS
� Biological catalysis includes both enzymes and living
organisms for biodiesel production.
Some of the main problems include:
� The difficulty in determining what are the best enzymes
or microorganisms
� Reaction conditions (solvents to be used, temperature,
and water content)
� How to operate the reactor;
� How to recover and reuse the enzymes;
� How to avoid the deactivation of enzymes, or the living
organism’s death.
21
REACTION IN SUPERCRITICAL MEDIA

• Biodiesel production can be easily achieved

by supercritical process without catalysts.
• Supercritical media are much faster,
achieving full conversion of triglycerides in a
matter of minutes
• There is no need to recover the catalyst
• High temperatures (550 K and pressures
(100 atm) are necessary to ensure that the
alcohol is in supercritical state.
• Generally, water, carbon dioxide and alcohol
are used as supercritical fluids.
22 MICROWAVE ASSISTED TRANSESTERIFICATION
 raw material in biodiesel are used to heat by
microwave method.
 The frequencies of microwave range from 300
MHz to 30 GHz
 very efficient and rapid heating can be
obtained in microwave heating because the
energy interacts in the molecular level.
 Microwave heating is used to perform the
transesterification of rapeseed oil and showed
that increased yields and reduced reaction
times are possible.
 may not be easily scalable from laboratory
small-scale synthesis to industrial
production.
23 ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

 Ultrasonic or ultrasound signals are in the

order of 20 kHz- 100 kHz and above the
limit of human hearing.
 Ultrasound has been used to accelerate the
rates of numerous chemical reactions, and
the rate enhancements.
 Ultrasound can build-up of high local
pressures (up to 1000 atm) and
temperatures (up to 5000 K), as well as
increased catalytic surface areas and
improve mass transfer.
24 CATALYTIC CRACKING
➔ Extensively used in the petrochemical industry to
produce a significant percentage of the fossil fuel
currently used.
➔ A wide variety of feedstocks can be used
➔ Catalysts are controlling temperature and pressure,
with a better control of the resulting final products
➔ Catalysts: pillared clays, alumina metal supported
catalysts, zeolites, among others.
25 Municipal Sewage Sludge for
Biodiesel Production
To gain commercial success following challenges should
overcome

(i) collecting the sludge

(ii) optimum production of biodiesel
(iii) maintaining product quality
(vi) soap formation and merchandise separation
(v) bioreactor design and
(vi) economics of biodiesel production
26 WORLDWIDE USAGE OF BIO-DIESEL
27 BIO-DIESEL PRODUCTION IN ASIA
The production of biodiesel in several Asian countries is shown
in following table. The production capacity of each country is
based on annual reports for the years 2011 and 2012. Among
Asian countries, production of biodiesel is mainly dominated by
Indonesia and Thailand, which produce more than two billion
litres every year and are also known as the main producers of
biodiesel in Southeast Asia.
28
KEY CHALLENGES
� Cost effective feedstock
cost-effective feedstock is necessary to produce economical biodiesel
� Cold flow properties
Enhanced cold flow properties enable the usability of biodiesel in wider geographic and
season.
� Cold soak filtration test
to make biodiesel sufficiently free from precipitate that could cause plugging of fuel
filters in engine and forms a deposit on engine injectors
� Storage stability
microbial contamination, the material of the storage, types of feedstock and nature of
storage conditions like exposure to light, oxygen and temperature
� Wastewater management
In biodiesel purification generates abundance of wastewater that need to be treated
well in accordance with the local regulations
� Glycerol as a co-product
29 STATE-OF-THE-ART AND PROSPECTIVE OF BIODIESEL
� Many steps were made to improvement in separation and fermentation
technology, enzyme efficiency, increase yield, to reduce process cost
and duration for past 30 years.
� Recovery of corn germ possible in dry milling by evolutions of dry-grind
machinery
� Microalgae can now be used as feedstock suitable to biohydrogen
fermentation
� Biofuels from algae has the best potential to displace fuels obtained
from crude oil due to their high sustainability. It is also very cost-
effective and operationally efficient technologies.
� Bioelectrochemical systems (BES) have emerged as a technology
suitable for the synthesis of biofuels recently. Several tasks have been
fulfilled by BES-based technology: wastewater treatment, groundwater
remediation and biosensing are some noteworthy examples.
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