Communication engineering

Asst. Prof. Dr. Ashwaq Q. Hameed Al Faisal

UOT- Electrical Engineering Dept. Electronic Engineering branch

Lecture 6 : Generation of FM signals

 Communication engineering
Generation of FM signals Asst. Prof. Dr. Ashwaq Q. Hameed Al Faisal
UOT- Electrical Engineering Dept. Electronic Engineering branch
 
There are two distinct methods of generating WBFM signals: a) Direct FM b) Indirect FM.

a) Indirect FM (Armstrong’s method).

 In this method - attributed to Armstrong - first a narrowband FM signal
is generated. This is then converted to WBFM by using frequency
multiplication.

Generation of WBFM (Armstrong method)

 The generation of NBFM has already been described. A frequency multiplier is a nonlinear device followed by a BPF. A
nonlinearity of order n can give rise to frequency multiplication by a factor of n. consider a square law device with output y (t ) =
x2 (t ) where x (t ) is the input. Let x (t ) be the FM signal.
 
𝑡
1   1 1
2
 𝑦 ( 𝑡 )=cos [ 𝜃 ( 𝑡 ) ] ¿  [ 1+cos [ 2 𝜃 ( 𝑡 ) ] 𝑦 ( 𝑡 )= + cos [ 2 𝜔 𝑐 𝑡 ] + 4 𝜋 𝑘 𝑡 ∫ 𝑚 ( 𝛼 ) 𝑑 𝛼
2 2
2 −∞
The DC term can be filtered out to give an FM output .
Carrier frequency:2fc Communication engineering
Asst. Prof. Dr. Ashwaq Q. Hameed Al Faisal
Frequency deviation of NBFM:∆f UOT- Electrical Engineering Dept. Electronic Engineering branch

Frequency deviations: ∆f,2:∆f,…………n:∆f

The multiplication scheme used in FM transmitter
The carrier frequency of the NBFM signal fc1, is 200 kHz with the corresponding
Δf1 = 25 Hz. Desired FM output is to have the frequency deviation Δf4 = 75
kHz and a carrier (fc 4 ) of 91.2 MHz.
To obtain Δf4 = 75 kHz starting from Δf1 = 25 Hz, we require a total frequency multiplication of (75×103)/25=3000
fc1=200kHz
 
total multiplication factor =64×48=3072
carrier frequency (fc4) =200×3072=614.4 MHz
the final required carrier frequency is 91.2 MHz
Δf2 = Δf3 = 1.6 kHz
 Example 2
Armstrong’s method is to be used to generate a WBFM signal. The NBFM signal has the carrier frequency fc1 =
20 kHz. The WBFM signal that is required must have the parameters fc = 6 MHz and Δf = 10 kHz . Only
frequency triples are available. Draw the schematic block diagram of this example.
Total frequency multiplication required =6×106/20×103=300 Communication engineering
  Asst. Prof. Dr. Ashwaq Q. Hameed Al Faisal
UOT- Electrical Engineering Dept. Electronic Engineering branch
Frequency triples=35=243 36=729
these six cannot be used as a single cascade because, that would result in a carrier frequency equal to 20 × 103 × 36 =
14.58MHz

the. final frequency deviation required is 10 kHz

NBFM ∆f1=10×103/729=13.71Hz
After the frequency conversion stage, we have one more stage
Generation of WBFM from NBFM of example
multiplication by 3.
the carrier frequency at the mixer output fc3
fc3×3=6MHz
fc3=2 MHz
fLO =6,86 MHz
 
Communication engineering
Asst. Prof. Dr. Ashwaq Q. Hameed Al Faisal
UOT- Electrical Engineering Dept. Electronic Engineering branch

Exercise
In the indirect FM scheme shown in Fig. 5.17, find the values of fc,i and
Δfi for i = 1, 2 and 3 . What should be the centre frequency, f0 , of the
BPF.
Assume that fLO > fc,2 .
 Direct FM Method (1)
A common method used for generating FM directly is to vary the inductance or capacitance of a
tuned electronic oscillator . If L and C are the inductance and capacitance , of a simple tuned circuit .

The oscillation frequency f0 of a parallel tuned circuit with inductance L and capacitance C is given
  by: Radio freq. chokes
  Oscillation frequency

 Let C be varied by the modulating signal

m(t ) , as given by

 k:constan

  Frequency deviation constant

c(t ) of the oscillator circuit is

 
Where Communication engineering
Asst. Prof. Dr. Ashwaq Q. Hameed Al Faisal
  UOT- Electrical Engineering Dept. Electronic Engineering branch
Communication engineering
Asst. Prof. Dr. Ashwaq Q. Hameed Al Faisal
UOT- Electrical Engineering Dept. Electronic Engineering branch
 Direct FM Method 2

Communication engineering
Asst. Prof. Dr. Ashwaq Q. Hameed Al Faisal
UOT- Electrical Engineering Dept. Electronic Engineering branch