3 D Object Representation

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Spline Representations
 Spline: In drafting terminology
 A flexible strip used to produce a smooth curve through a
designated set of points.
 Several small weights are distributed along the strip.
 Spline Curve: In computer graphics
 Any composite curve formed with (cubic) polynomial
sections satisfying specified continuity conditions at the
boundary of the pieces.
 Spline surface
 Described with two sets of orthogonal spline curves.

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Interpolation and Approximation Splines
 Control points
 A set of coordinate positions which indicates the general
shape of the curve.
 A spline curve is defined, modified, and manipulated with
operations on the control points.
 Interpolation curves: the curve passes through each control
points
 Digitize drawings
 Specify animation path
 Approximation curves: fits to the general control-points path
without necessarily passing through any control points
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Interpolation and Approximation Splines

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Convex hull
 The convex polygon boundary that encloses a set of
control points.
 Provide a measure for the deviation of a curve or
surface from the region bounding the control points

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A convex hull for 2 sets of control points
Control graph
 A set of connected line segments connecting the
sequence of control points.

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Parametric Continuity
 Continuity conditions
 To ensure a smooth transition from one
section of a piecewise parametric curve to
the next.

 Zero-order (C0) continuity

 First-order (C1) continuity
 Second-order (C2) continuity
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Zero-order (C0) continuity
 Simply the curves
meet.

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First-order (C1) continuity
 First parametric derivatives
(tangent lines) of the co
ordinate functions of 2
successive curves are equal at
their joining point.
 Parametric coordinate form
 x =x(u),
 y=y(u)
 z=z(u) u1<=u<=u2
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Second-order (C2) continuity
 Both first and
second parametric
derivatives of the 2
curve sections are
the same at
intersection.

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Parametric Continuity

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Spline Specifications
 Three methods for specifying a spline
 A set of boundary conditions imposed on
the spline.
 The matrix that characterizes the spline.
 The set of blending functions (or basis
functions)

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1.Boundary Conditions
 Suppose x(u)=axu3+bxu2+cxu+dx
be the cubic polynomial representation
 Endpoints coordinates - x(0) and x(1).
 First derivatives at the endpoints x’(0) and
x’(1).
 Determine the values of ax, bx, cx, and dx.
 Form the matrix from the boundary conditions.
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2.Matrix Representation

 U - row matrix of parameter u , C – Coefficient column

matrix.
 C = Mspline . Mgeom
 Mgeom – control point coordinate values(4 element column
matrix
 Mspline – 4x4 matrix – characterization for the spline curve
 x(u) = U. Mspline . Mgeom
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3.Blending Function

 gk- constant parameters such as control

points, slope of curve at the control points.
 BFk(u) – blending func

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 Bezeir Curves and Surfaces

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 “Computers can’t draw curves.”

The more points/line

segments that are used,
the smoother the
curve.

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Bezier Curves
 An alternative to splines.
 M.Bezeir a French mathematician who
worked for the Renault motor car company.
 He invented his curves to allow his firm’s
computers to describe the shape of car bodies.

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 Bezier Approximation
P2 P3
How to provide R1 and R4 ?
R1 R4

P4
P4 P1
P1 Instead of providing R1 and R4 , provide two additional control points ! ! !

P2 and P3

 Approxi mation
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Bezier Curves Contd
 Typically, cubic polynomials
 Need four points
 Two at the ends of a segment
 Two control tangent vectors

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Bezier Curves Contd

 Control polygon: control points connected to

each other

 Easy to generalize to higher order

 Insert more control points
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De Casteljau Algorithm
 Can compute any point on the curve in a few
iterations.
 No polynomials, pure geometry.
 Repeated linear interpolation
 Repeated order of the curve times
 The algorithm can be used as definition of the
curve.

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De Casteljau Algorithm Contd

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De Casteljau Algorithm Contd

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De Casteljau Algorithm Contd

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De Casteljau Algorithm Contd

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 De Casteljau Algorithm Contd
P1 1 t t P2
t 1 t
t 1 t 1 t t
t

1 t

P3
P0
1 t P0
(1 t ) P0  tP1 1 t
t (1 t ) 2 P0  2(1 t )tP1 (1 t ) 3 P0
1 t
P1 1 t t 2P2  3(1 t ) 2 tP1
t
(1 t ) P1  tP2 t  3(1 t )t 2 P2
1 t
t (1 t ) 2 P1  2(1 t )tP2 t 3P3
P2 1 t t t 2 P3
3
 3
t
(1 t ) P2  tP3   
i 
i 0 
(1 t ) i 3i
t

P
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 Cubic Bezeir Curve -Matrix
Representation
 1 3 3 1  P1 
 3 6 3 0  P2 

Q (t )  t 3 t 2 t 1 
 3

3 0 0  P3 
  
 1 0 0 0  P4 
 T  M b  Gb 1 (1  t )3
t3
3t (1-t ) 2
Q (t )  (1  t ) 3 P1  3t (1-t ) 2 P2  3t 2 (1-t ) P3  t 3 P4
3t 2 (1-t )
 3 i
3
    t (1  t ) 3i Pi , 0  t  1
i 0  i 

0 1
(t  (1  t )) 3

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Bezier Polynomial Function

n! n i
Bin (t )  .t .(1  t )
i

i!(n  i )!

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Parametric Equations for x(t),y(t)
n
x(t )   xi .Bin (t )
i 0

n
y (t )   y .B
i 0
i in (t )

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Cubic Bezeir func in Matrix Form

Normal matrix form

In cubic matrix form

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Cubic Bezier Curves Contd
 Bezeir matrix is

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Design Techniques Using Bezier Curves
 Closed Bezier curves
 Specifying the first and last control points
at the same position.

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Design Techniques Using Bezier Curves
Contd
 Multiple control points
 Specify multiple control points at a single
co ordinate position gives more weight to
that position.

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Design Techniques Using Bezier Curves
Contd
 When complicated curves are to be generated

 Formed by piecing several bezeir sections

of lower degree together.

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Bezier Surfaces
 Two sets of orthogonal Bezeir curves can be used to design an
object surface by specifying an input mesh of control points.
 The parametric vector function is formed as the Cartesian
product of Bezier blending functions

m n
P (u, v )   p j ,k BEZ j ,m (v )BEZ k ,n (u )
j 0 k 0

 pi,k specifying the location

 Each curve of constant u is plotted by varying v over the interval
0 to 1, with u fixed at one of the values in this unit interval.

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Bezier Surfaces Contd
 Control points connected by dashed lines
 Solid lines show curves of constant u and constant v

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 Thank You…

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