CONJUNCTIONS

The word conjunction comes from

What is the Latin word conjunctus, meaning
Conjunction? “to join”. Conjunctions are words
that join words, phrases, or clauses.
TWO CLASSES A.Coordinating Conjunctions
OF
CONJUNCTION B.Subordinating Conjunctions
 Coordinating Conjunctions connect
words, phrases, and clauses of equal
What is
rank; they do not join a principal
Coordinating
Conjunctions? element to a subordinate element. The
principal coordinating conjunctions
are and, but, or and so.
1. The And Type
And is used to add something to what has already
been said. It should be used only when the second idea is
along the same line of thought as the first idea.
Examples:
a. The beggar was ugly and mean. – Correct
(The words ugly and mean are both negative
qualities.)
b. She is attractive and bad tempered. – Incorrect
(The sentence is faulty because attractive is a
positive quality, while bad tempered is a negative quality.)
c. He went away and never come back. –
Correct
(And joins the two verbs correctly
because never came back is in addition to
went away.
d. I don’t know where he went and what he
did. – Correct
(The coordinating conjunction and joins
two subordinate clauses used as objects of
the verb know.)
2. The But Type
But adds something contrary to or different from what
has been said. When we use and, the second part of the
sentence expresses an idea similar to the first; when we
use but, the second part of the sentence expresses an idea
that is the contrast to the first.
Example:
He is stupid but hardworking.
(Stupid expresses a negative quality, while
hardworking expresses positive quality. The second idea
is constructive.)
Other conjunctions of this type include however, yet,
nevertheless, and on the other hand. But is more often
used than the others.
3. The Or Type
Or implies a choice. It connects ideas of
equal value, giving one a chance to choose
either idea.
Examples:
a. You can come today or tomorrow.
b. I can go or stay as I please.
Other words that to use instead of or are
either ……or, neither…… nor, and
otherwise.
4. The So Type
The conjunctions so is used when the
second part is a consequence of the first
part. The so type differs from the and type,
which implies the same line of thought and
form, the but type, which implies a
contrast. So implies that the second part
follows as a result of the first part.
Example:
He shouted, so I had to listen to him.
 What coordinating conjunctions should
connect to these clauses? Write your answer on
the line.
________1. It was raining. We went out.

ACTIVIT ________2. It was warm day. We took off our

coats.
Y ________3. He was an extravagant person. He
did not spend all his money.
________4. He was an extravagant person. He
spent his money foolishly.
________5. Tell the truth. I will punish you.
_____6. Tell the truth. Ill not punish you.
_____7. His pen was broken. He couldn’t
write with it.
_____8. She lost her book. She didn’t look
for it.
_____9. You will hand in your theme on
time. I’ll give you a deduction.
_____10. She is very friendly. We like her.
______11. He studied hard for the test. He got a
good grade.
______12. You are not paying attention. The
teacher will scold you.
______13. He studied hard for the test. He got
poor grade.
______14. They were often absent. They got very
poor grades.
______15. He was not very intelligent. He never
failed.
 Subordinating Conjunctions are used
to introduce subordinate clauses. They
convey the thought relationship between
What is ideas in a sentence.
Subordinating
Conjunctions? The principal subordinate conjunctions
are what, that/so that, how,
though/although, if, as if, unless, where,
and whether.
1. What is answered by a that clause.
That he is a liar is false. (What is
false?)
They claimed that he is a liar. (What
did they claim?)
2. Purpose is expressed in the following
examples:
They read that they may learn.
They read so that they may learn.

3. Cause and effect is expressed in the following:

He failed because he did not study.
He was so lazy that he failed.
4. Manner is expressed by how.
This is how I want to do it.
5. Concession is expressed by although.
Although I made few mistakes, I got a very
good mark.
6. Condition is expressed by if and unless.
If you go with me, I’ll treat you to a snack.
I’ll not speak to you unless you go with me.
7. Place is expressed by where.
I don’t know where I lost it.
8. Uncertainty is introduced by whether (not
if)
I don’t know whether I can go with you.
9. An adjectival subordinate clause may be
introduced by who, which, or that.
The boy who won the prize is my cousin.
The prize, which he won, is a book.
The flowers that she sent are orchids.