PERTEMUAN 12

OSILATOR 1

Adi Abimanyu, M.Eng.

Prodi Elektro Mekanika

JTFN STTN BATAN
Genap 2019
UNDERSTANDI
NG
OSCILLATOR
 What is osilator?

Circuit that produce a continuous signal

 What kind of signal, can produce by osilator?

Sine, square, triangle wave
Oscillators convert a DC input (the
supply voltage) into an AC output (the
 What part of osilator? waveform), which can have a wide
range of different wave shapes and
1. Amplifier
frequencies that can be either
2. Feedback connection complicated in nature or simple sine
3. Set frequency waves depending upon the application.
 UNDERSTANDI Positif feedback

NG
OSCILLATOR
Negative feedback

Positive feedback can cause an amplifier to

oscillate even when there is no external inpu

• Preventing the DC bias point and gain of an

amplifier from being affected by changes in
temperature
• Reducing distortion in amplifiers
UNDERSTANDING
OSCILLATOR
 An Oscillator is basically an Amplifier with “Positive Feedback”, or
regenerative feedback (in-phase).
 One of the many problems in electronic circuit design is stopping
amplifiers from oscillating while trying to get oscillators to oscillate.
 In other words, an oscillator is a an amplifier which uses positive
feedback that generates an output frequency without the use of an input
signal.
UNDERSTANDING OSCILATOR
Thus Oscillators are self sustaining circuits generating an periodic output
waveform at a precise frequency and for any electronic circuit to operate
as an oscillator, it must have the following three characteristics.
 Some form of Amplification
 Positive Feedback (regeneration)
 A Frequency determine feedback network
BASIC OSCILLATOR
FEEDBACK CIRCUIT Oscillator Gain Without Feedback

Oscillator Gain With Feedback

 COMMON EMITTER
AMPLIFIER
Basic formula for gain
an input signal applied to the
base will be amplified

Common emitter amplifier

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER
Common base amplifier
• Input and output same phase non inverting
• Low input impedance

RS is the output resistance or impedance of the source or generator.

It is also called the internal impedance of the source
TUNED/RESONANT LOAD
Tuned (or resonant) load

An amplifier circuit with a parallel inductor and

capacitor connected between the collector of the
transistor and ground

1. The inductor has a small DC resistance,

2. Pull the collector DC voltage down to near 0 volts.
3. Therefore, capacitor CC in the circuit to allow AC signals to pass through the LC circuit
while preventing the collector DC voltage from being pulled down to 0 volts.
FEEDBACK
 What is the requirement to convert amplifier into an oscillator?

 Connect portion of the output signal to the input

 Use positive feedback
 In all three of these methods, between one-tenth and one-
FEEDBACK
The feedback signal is
taken from a connection
between two capacitors that
form a voltage divider.
half of the output must be used as feedback.
The feedback signal is Uses a step-down
taken from a tap partway transformer (an
down the coil, or from a inductor with an
connection between two extra coil with
inductors. fewer turns than the
main coil).
Therefore, an inductive
voltage divider determines
the feedback voltage
HARTLEY OSCILLATOR

The Hartley Oscillator design uses two

inductive coils in series with a parallel
capacitor to form its resonance tank circuit
producing sinusoidal oscillations

In the Hartley Oscillator the tuned LC circuit is connected between the collector and the
base of a transistor amplifier. As far as the oscillatory voltage is concerned, the emitter is
connected to a tapping point on the tuned circuit coil.

The feedback part of the tuned LC tank circuit is taken from the center tap of the
inductor coil or even two separate coils in series which are in parallel with a variable
capacitor, C as shown.

BASIC HARTLEY OSCILLATOR DESIGN
When the circuit is oscillating,
a. The voltage at point X (collector),
relative to point Y (emitter), is 180o
out-of-phase with the voltage at point
Z (base) relative to point Y.
b. At the frequency of oscillation, the
impedance of the Collector load is
resistive and an increase in Base
voltage causes a decrease in the
Collector voltage.
c. Then there is a 180o phase change in
the voltage between the Base and
Collector and this along with the
original 180o phase shift in the
feedback loop provides the correct
phase relationship of positive feedback
for oscillations to be maintained.

The amount of feedback depends upon the position of the “tapping point” of the inductor. If
this is moved nearer to the collector the amount of feedback is increased, but the output taken
between the Collector and earth is reduced and vice versa. Resistors, R1 and R2 provide the
usual stabilizing DC bias for the transistor in the normal manner while the capacitors act as
DC-blocking capacitors.
BASIC HARTLEY OSCILLATOR DESIGN
In this Hartley Oscillator circuit, the DC Collector current flows through part of the coil and for
this reason the circuit is said to be “Series-fed” with the frequency of oscillation of the Hartley
Oscillator being given as.

• The frequency of oscillations can be adjusted by varying the “tuning” capacitor, C or by

varying the position of the iron-dust core inside the coil (inductive tuning) giving an output
over a wide range of frequencies making it very easy to tune.
• Also the Hartley Oscillator produces an output amplitude which is constant over the entire
frequency range.
HARTLEY OSCILLATOR EXAMPLE NO1
A Hartley Oscillator circuit having two individual inductors of 0.5mH each, are designed to
resonate in parallel with a variable capacitor that can be adjusted between 100pF and 500pF.

Question:
Determine the upper and lower frequencies of oscillation and also the Hartley oscillators
bandwidth.

• Calculate the frequency of

oscillations for a Hartley
Oscillator

• Total inductance

• Hartley Oscillator Upper

Frequency
HARTLEY OSCILLATOR EXAMPLE NO1
A Hartley Oscillator circuit having two individual inductors of 0.5mH each, are designed to
resonate in parallel with a variable capacitor that can be adjusted between 100pF and 500pF.

Question:
Determine the upper and lower frequencies of oscillation and also the Hartley oscillators
bandwidth.

• Hartley Oscillator Lower

Frequency

• Hartley Oscillator Bandwidth

COLPITTS OSCILLATOR

The Colpitts Oscillator design uses two centre-

tapped capacitors in series with a parallel
inductor to form its resonance tank circuit
producing sinusoidal oscillations

The basic configuration of the Colpitts Oscillator resembles that of the Hartley
Oscillator but the difference this time is that the centre tapping of the tank sub-circuit is
now made at the junction of a “capacitive voltage divider” network instead of a tapped
autotransformer type inductor as in the Hartley oscillator.

The Colpitts oscillator uses a capacitive voltage divider network as its feedback source.
The two capacitors, C1 and C2 are placed a cross a single common inductor, L as shown.
Then C1, C2 and L form the tuned tank circuit with the condition for oscillations being:
XC1 + XC2 = XL, the same as for the Hartley oscillator circuit.
BASIC COLPITTS OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT
 The emitter terminal of the transistor is
effectively connected to the junction of the
two capacitors, C1 and C2 which are
connected in series and act as a simple
voltage divider.

 When the power supply is firstly applied,

capacitors C1 and C2 charge up and then
discharge through the coil L.

 The oscillations across the capacitors are

applied to the base-emitter junction and
appear in the amplified at the collector
The amount of feedback is determined by the output.
ratio of C1 and C2
 Resistors, R1 and R2 provide the usual stabilizing DC bias for the transistor in the normal
manner while the additional capacitors act as a DC-blocking bypass capacitors.

 A radio-frequency choke (RFC) is used in the collector circuit to provide a high reactance
(ideally open circuit) at the frequency of oscillation, ( ƒr ) and a low resistance at DC to help
start the oscillations.
BASIC COLPITTS OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT
 The frequency of oscillations for a Colpitts oscillator is determined by the resonant
frequency of the LC tank circuit and is given as:

 where CT is the capacitance of C1 and C2 connected in series and is given as:

 The amount of feedback developed by the Colpitts oscillator is based on the capacitance
ratio of C1 and C2 and is what governs the the excitation of the oscillator. This ratio is
called the “feedback fraction” and is given simply as:
COLPITTS OSCILLATOR EXAMPLE NO1
A Colpitts Oscillator circuit having two capacitors of 24nF and 240nF respectively are
connected in parallel with an inductor of 10mH.

Question:
Determine the frequency of oscillations of the circuit, the feedback fraction and draw the
circuit.

Answer:
 Oscillation frequency for a Colpitts
Oscillator is given as:

 the total capacitance is therefore:

 The inductance of the inductor is

given as 10mH, then the frequency
of oscillation is:
COLPITTS OSCILLATOR EXAMPLE NO1
A Colpitts Oscillator circuit having two capacitors of 24nF and 240nF respectively are
connected in parallel with an inductor of 10mH.

Question:
Determine the frequency of oscillations of the circuit, the feedback fraction and draw the
circuit.

Answer:
 The frequency of oscillations for the Colpitts Oscillator is therefore 10.8kHz with the
feedback fraction given as::

 Draw the circuit

PUSTAKA
 All New Electronics Self- Teaching Guide, 3rd Edition, Harry Kybett
and Earl Boysen
 https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/oscillator/oscillators.html
 https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/oscillator/hartley.html
 https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/oscillator/colpitts.html
TERIMA
KASIH