Integrated

Integrated circuits
circuits
basic
basic electronics
electronics

Representators
Representators
Umer
UmerAbdullah
Abdullah
Shehar
Sheharbano
bano
Iqra
Iqratabassum
tabassum
1. Introduction
2. Advantages of ICs
3. Drawbacks
4. Classification of IC by structure
5. Classification of IC by function
6. Linear Integrated circuit
7. Digital integrated circuit
8. Scale of Integration
 INTRODUCTION

History of integrated circuits:

• 1907(Active and passive components were
separate) Jack Kilby's original 
hybrid integrated circuit

• 1948(small size)
 from 1958. This was the
first integrated circuit,
and was made from 
germanium.
• 1960(integrated circuits)
 Integrated circuit

What is an integrated circuit?

“An IC is a complete electronic circuit in which the
both active and passive components are fabricated on an
extremely tiny single chip of silicon.”
(active components: FETs, transistors)
(passive components: capacitors, resistors)
 Integrated circuit

Integrated circuit Integrated circuit on silicon chip

 Discrete circuit

Discrete circuit:

“it is built by connecting separate components. In

this case each component is produced separately and
then are assembled together to make the electronic
circuit.”
Difference between discrete circuit and integrated
circuit
 Integrated circuit
Advantages of ICs:

1. Extremely small physical size

2. Very small weight
3. Reduced cost
4. Extremely high reliability
5. Suitable for small-signal operation
6. Low power consumption
7. Easy replacement
 Integrated circuit
Drawbacks of ICs:

1. Coil or inductors can’t be fabricated

2. ICs function at fairly low voltage
3. Can handle only limited amount of power
4. Are quite delicate and can’t withstand rough handling or
excessive heat
 Classification of ICs

Classifica
tion of
ICs

By By
structure function
 Structural Classification:

Integrated
Circuits

Thick and Thin Hybrid

Monolithic ICs Films ICs /Multichip ICs
 Classification by structure
Monolithic ICs
This circuit is built in to
single crystal , all
components all active
and passive are on the
top of single silicon chip. It is commonly used because
of mass production, lower cost and higher reliability.
 Thick and thin Films:

These films are different

from monolithic as these
are formed on the surface
such as ceramic material or
glass. Passive components
(resistors and capacitors) are integrated but active comps
act as discrete comps to form circuit. These can used when
power requirement is high.
 Thin Film ICs:

 In this Substrate made up of glass\ceramic

 Capacitors are sandwiched on insulating oxide btw
conducting films
 Small conductors are in spiral form transistor and
diode are externally connected.
 Methods to produce Thin Films:

Vacuum Evaporator:
 Vaporized material is
Deposited on glass or
substrate in vacuum in
Set of masks
 Cathode Sputtering:

 Atoms from cathode made

of desired film are deposited
on substrate btw anode and
Cathode.
 Thick Films:

 These ICs are referred as printed thin film circuit.

 Silk Screen printing are used for fabrication
 Screen is made of stainless steel and ink has
conductive, resistive and dielectric properties.
 Active comps are externally added.
More about Thick and Thin Film ICs

Advantages Disadvantages
• Better • Large Size
insulation • High cost
btw comps • Incapability
• Greater of fabrication
Flexibility of active
Comps.
 Hybrid ICs:
The circuit is fabricated by interconnected individual
chips. In this active comps are first formed in silicon
wafer which is further covered with insulating layer
 These can be used in power audio amplifiers 5W-50W
 This process is expensive for
 mass production.
 This IC are in encapsulated
Form.
 Classification of ICs by Function:
This classification of ICs  was based on their method
of construction.  However, the integrated circuits can
also be classified according to their general function. 

Linear Integrated Circuit

Digital Integrated Circuit

 Linear Integrated Circuits
Linear Integrated Circuits are
less used as compared to
Digital Integrated Circuits
but they have high reliability
due to the elimination of
external connections.
They have wide
applications as are used in
many devices.
 Linear Integrated Circuits

Applications
Operational Amplifiers
 Linear Integrated Circuits
Power Amplifiers
Power Amplifier is used to increase the magnitude of
input power signal.
 Linear Integrated Circuits

Voltage Comparator
A comparator is a device that compares the input voltage
signals to produce high output signal.
 Digital Integrated Circuits
Digital Integrated
Circuits
Digital Integrated Circuits have
large number of circuits having
values of resistances, voltages and
currents. These circuits have
binary inputs so they are called
switching circuits.
 Digital Integrated Circuits
Applications
Logic Gates
A logic gate is an electronic
device implements a logical
operation performed on binary
inputs and produces a single
binary input. There are mainly
8 Logic Gates.
 Digital Integrated Circuits

Counters
Counters are used in
electronics for counting
specific events happening
in a circuit. It stores the
number of times an event
occurred.
 Digital Integrated Circuits

Microprocessor
Microprocessor is an electronic
Central Processing Unit used by a
computer. It is single Integrated
chip containing millions of
electronic components and circuits
including resistors, transistors and
diodes.
 Scales of Integration

SSI - Small Scale Integration

• Number of Circuits < 30
• Number of Components < 50

MSI – Medium Scale Integration

• Number of Circuits 30 – 100
• Number of Components 50 - 500
 Scales of Integration
LSI – Large Scale Integration
• Number of Circuits 100 - 100000
• Number of Components 500-300000

VLSI – Very Large Scale

Integration
• Number of Circuits > 100000
 Scales of Integration
Summary of Chip Circuits
SSI < 30
MSI 30 – 100
LSI 100 – 100000
VLSI > 100000
Conclusion
1. Introduction
2. Advantages of ICs
3. Drawbacks
4. Classification of IC by structure
5. Classification of IC by function
6. Linear Integrated circuit
7. Digital integrated circuit
• Structure
• Applications
• Explanation
• Summary
8. Scale of Integration