Coffman Electrical

Equipment

October 15,2002
MiCTA & ATAlliance fall
conference
How power issue can
increase cost and
decrease productivity
 The Challenges

•The changing Electrical Marketplace is causing

Companies to reevaluate how they view electricity
•Growing Electrical demand is outstripping supply
especially with new electric generation being
delayed as electric companies wait to see were
deregulation is going
•Inexpensive power from nuclear, coal, and hydro
are no longer easy solutions due to environmental
concerns
•Transmission system is close to capacity and
building additional capacity takes up to 10 years to
build
•Power quality in a changing Electrical Market creates
additional problems for companies and institutions
•Power quality is being compromised by capacity
constraints on the electrical grid
•New equipment is more sensitive to power problem
due to increased speed and density of integrated
circuits
•The cost of power problems now can reach
thousands of dollars a minute in many companies
 Solutions
Companies must now look at providing their
own power quality
This can be achieved by adding their own
power quality equipment

This includes
• Uninterruptible power supplies
• Power conditioning
• Transient voltage surge suppression
• Backup emergency and on-site generation
 Let look at each of these
technologies independently
 UPS Solutions and
Technologies
• Off line systems
• Line interactive systems
• Double Conversion Systems
• Delta Conversion Systems
• Expandable modular Systems
• Ferroresonant Systems
How do these technologies fit
in with today’s power issues
and data centers
To reduce maintaince
cost and downtime
What are the major types of
power issues we are dealing
with
Powerware's approach to power protection revolves around the nine
most common power problems present in any office environment.
This approach is designed to make it easier to identify your power
protection needs.

Power failures High voltage spikes

Power sags Frequency variations

Power surges Switching transients

Brownouts Harmonic distortion

Line noise
How do different technologies
of UPS deal with these
problems
Each series is designed to fit a different level of power protection
needs and allows you to match your needs precisely with the
appropriate level of power protection.

Series 3

Series 5

Series 9
Series 3 Power Protection
The Series 3 UPS delivers power protection from 3 of the most
common power problems that threaten your equipment and data

Power failures

Power sags

Power surges

Series 3 UPSs also offer varying degrees of protection

against other power problems as well
Series 5 Power Protection
The Series 5 UPS delivers power protection from 5 of the most
common power problems that threaten your equipment and data.
Power failure
Power sag
Power surge
Brownout
Over voltage
The Series 5 UPS also offers varying degrees of protection against
other power problems as well.
 Powerware 5125
Features:
• User friendly front panel display • Sine wave output

• Two-in-One form factor • Network transient protector (1000 -

2200 VA)
• Advanced Battery Management
Plus (ABM™Plus) • REPO (Two-in-One models)

• Hot-swappable batteries • Start-on-battery

• Extended run time capability with • X-Slot Interface

External Battery Modules (EBMs)
• 10-Year Pro-Rated Warranty
• Buck/Double Boost voltage (US and Canada)
regulation

•Individual load segment control

•Increased power rating

 Feature Focus:
Advanced Battery Management (ABM)

• Doubles battery
service life by charging
only when needed
• Optimizes recharge time
• Does not trickle charge
& starve the electrolyte
• Microprocessor controlled -
Only true & automatic battery
check (periodic, controlled discharge)
for most accurate advanced failure protection
• Sleep Feature - no unnecessary battery “drain”
Feature Focus:
Power Density
. . . The true output
power of a UPS is
While UPSs are measured in watts
generally measured
in VA . . .
VA
Watts
Power Factor

Power factor is the ratio of

watts to VA:
apparent power to
real power.
VA
(apparent) Watts
(real)
Two-in-One Form Factor
Install the Powerware 5125 as either a tower or rack-mount UPS.

UPS
EBM

Up to 3000VA of UPS
power is packed into only
2U (3.5 inches) of rack
space.

The Powerware 5125 Two-in-One Form Factor packs the same technology of the
tower model into a compact design for standard 19-inch equipment racks or for use as
a stand alone unit. By limiting the height (2U) of the UPS, the Powerware 5125 saves
room for other critical equipment such as servers and disk arrays. In addition,
installable option cards provide enhanced communication and scalable power
protection for computer equipment.
Two-in-One Form Factor
(2400 - 3000VA Models)

Hot-Swappable Electronics and Battery Modules

Battery Electronics
When batteries reach the end of their useful life or the electronics modules fail,
replacement is easy. With simple access through the front panel, users can safely
install new battery and electronics modules without ever powering down
connected server and server options.
Hot-Swappable Batteries
You can easily hot-swap batteries
1. Remove front panel
without powering down the
critical load. This makes it 2. Remove battery plate
possible to extend the life of your
3. Withdraw and replace battery
UPS without returning it for
service. cartridge

Two-in-One Form Factor

Feature Focus:
Buck/Double Boost Voltage Regulation
• Wide voltage input range
– Accommodates severe environments
• Tight voltage output
– Provides “clean” power to connected equipment
• Regulates voltage without using battery – saving battery life

+20%

+6%
Nominal Voltage
-10%

-30%
Series 9 Power Protection
The Series 9 UPS delivers power protection from all 9 of the
most common power problems that threaten your equipment and
data

Power failures High voltage spikes

Power sags Frequency variations

Power surges Switching transients

Brownouts Harmonic distortion

Line noise
 Powerware 9125
Features: Product Snapshot
Rating: 700VA – 2kVA
• Fourth-Generation Online™ Voltage: 120 and 230 Vac
topology Frequency: 50/60 Hz (auto-sensing)
• Advanced Battery Management Configuration: Two-in-One Form
Plus (ABM Plus™) Factor (rack and tower)

• Extended Battery Modules

(EBMs)
• Load Segments
• Two-in-One form factor
• 2U rack-mount height
• Hot-swappable batteries
• X-Slot™
• Power management software
bundle
 Powerware 9125

Fourth-Generation Online™ Topology

Internal Automatic Bypass

Utility Filtering Load

AC to DC DC to AC
Rectifier Rectifier

Bi-Directional
Power Converter

Battery
 Legacy UPS from 6 KVA to 20 KVA
single phase and 10-750 KVA three
phase UPS systems
• Fixed size with no growth
• Limited redundant configurations
• Require onsite repair by trained
technician that had to be dispatched to
site increasing repair time
• Needs factory technician preventive
maintaince that is expensive
Powerware 9150
Efficiency Optimiser

• Up to 99% efficiency
• UPS intelligently switches between online and bypass mode
• Filtered bypass line
• If line fails during bypass operation, UPS switches
to inverter operation
• Selectable with UPSCode
• Selectable voltage and frequency window

Savings on power bill

 New expandable and
redundant UPS Systems
• Available in single and three phase
designs
• Single phase available from several
manufactures offering different features
• Offer either capacity or redundant sizing
with notification when redundancy is
exceeded
• Cost less that 25% more for redundancy
 Advantages over legacy
systems
• Room to grow with data center and
surplus capacity is used for redundancy
• Lower maintaince cost since all
components are user hot swappable
• Don’t have to by unused capacity
upfront.
• Can design 2n+1 designs for most
critical applications.
 Powerware 9170
Features:
• New Power Modules for 2.5 – 15KW
capabilities
• Modular, “plug-and-play” design
• Scalable
• N + X redundancy
• High-efficiency power saver mode
• Low cost of ownership
• High availability
• Compact footprint/lightweight power and
battery modules
• Easy to use interface panel
• Flexible communication capability
• Complete service offering
• 10-Year Pro-Rated Warranty (US and
Canada)
Powerware 9170
System Configurations
Four freestanding enclosures
3-slot: 3 kVA (2.5 – 5KW)
6-slot: 3-9 kVA (2.5 – 7.5KW)
9-slot: 3-18 kVA (2.5 – 15KW)
12 slot: 3-18 kVA (2.5 – 15KW)

Two rackmount kit options

3-slot: 3 kVA (2.5 – 5KW)
6-slot: 3-9 kVA (2.5 – 7.5KW)
The Powerware 9170’s modular design lets users configure
any level of power redundancy or battery run-time they
need.
 Additional features available
• Can design UPS in rack structure of data center
eliminating need for separate Power area and
reducing data centers size
• Monitor power at individual distribution strips
eliminating guess work on power loads when
adding equipment
• Avoid cost and inflexibility of hardwired distribution
• Growth can be allowed by simple having additional
breaker capacity
• Environmental monitoring available
 Single Phase APC
PowerStruXure
• Available in 2-6 KVA with 2 KVA modules
and 8-12`KVA in 4 KVA modules in rack
format
• Can offer in rack distribution with built in
power and cabling trays
• Offers in rack PDU with load monitoring
• Offers 2n+1 UPS coverage of single power
supply devises with multiple feed ATS
 Three Phase APC
PowerStruXure
• Designed in 40 KVA Rack systems with 10 KVA
power modules and redundant battery strings
and power management systems
• Has rack designed PDU with maintaince bypass
for distribution in rack system
• Offers 2n+1 system design
• Eliminate needs to oversize data centers power
supply system or use it for redundancy
• Reduces data centers size
• Reduces long term maintaince cost
 Delta Conversion Technology
• Three phase system from 10 KVA to 1.6 MW
• Unity power factor
• Generates no harmonics
• Is more efficient that double conversion
• Very generator friendly
• Easily parallel able with redundant internal
parallel 400 kva to 1.6 MW system available
with 200 KVA power modules
 Powerware FERRUPS
Features
• Elimination of the effects of spikes, sags, surges,
noise, and lighting keeping your power flow clean
and pure for trouble-free operation
• Prevents harmonic-current backfeed into building
• Provides precision-regulated voltage without
discharging the batteries with input voltages as
low as 38% below nominal
• Active Voltage regulation converts nearly any AC
source into computer-grade power
• Extended runtimes for maximum uptime
• Galvanic Isolation for safest operation
• Worldwide voltage and frequency compatibility
• 10-Year Pro-Rated Warranty (US and Canada)
Featured Focus:
X-Slot Interface Options - Network Management

ConnectUPS-M SNMP Module

• Monitoring, alarm notification and control of UPS via network or
modem.
• Network communication via OnliNet or SNMP
 Why TVSS ?
Increasing Awareness of power quality
 Increased speed and density of integrated

circuits
 Microprocessor based electronics

throughout facility
 Conversion from analog to digital
 Switch-mode power supplies
 Power Anomalies
 Brownouts

 Momentary power loss or Blackouts

 Harmonics
 Overvoltages

 Sags Solutions for Anomalies

 Spikes/Surges  UPS
 Isolation Transformers
 Line Filters

 Voltage Regulators

 Harmonic Cancellors

 Surge Protectors
 What is a surge?
 Surge - A surge is a short burst of voltage which

can subject load equipment to thousands of volts.

Also, referred to as a spike or transient.

 Short Duration --- Microseconds

 High Energy
 Externally Generated
 Internally Generated
Surges
Typical 60Hz. power

Transient
waveform
Where do surges come from?
Externally generated type:
 Destructive - Atmospheric, Lightning

 Disruptive - Utility Grid Switching

Internally generated type:
 Degradative - Inductive Loads and

Constant Switching Equipment

 What problems do
surges cause?
 Immediate equipment failure from large

surges can cause breakdown in IC

 Latent equipment failure from degradative

surges causing unexplainable breakdown

 Equipment malfunction from small surges

coupled onto data lines

 80% of damage from power
anomalies is caused from
surges and spikes that are
internally generated.

ANSI/IEEE C62.41 - 1992

 What is a surge protector?
 A high voltage relief valve
 It insulates during normal operation
 It clamps voltage by diverting excess current to

ground during a surge

 It is basically a variable resistor
 Acts like an open circuit with high impedance normally
 During a surge it acts like a short circuit with low

impedance
Surge Protection Technologies
• Inductors
• Gas Tubes
• Selenium Rectifiers
• Metal Oxide Varistors - MOV
• Silicon Avalanche Diode - SAD
• Capacitors
 Component Characteristics
Selenium Rectifiers Capacitors
 High surge capability  High surge capability
 High voltage clamping  Large energy storage
 Slow reacting  Acts like short circuit

Gas Tubes Inductors

 Slow reacting  High surge capability
 High surge capability  Large energy storage
 Inconsistent  Acts like open circuit
Used together they form LC filter
Component Characteristics
Silicon Avalanche Diodes - SAD
 Extremely fast reacting - < 1 nsec
 Low surge capability
 Small suppression area

Metal Oxide Varistors - MOV

 Fast reacting - < 1 nsec
 Tight voltage clamping
 High surge capability
 Current Standards
 ANSI/IEEE C62.41 - Location and wave shapes
 ANSI/IEEE C62.45 - Testing guide
 UL 1449 - TVSS Safety and Performance

 UL 1283 - Noise Filtering for TVSS

NEW - National Electric Code 285

 HISTORY OF UL 1449
 UL 1449 - 1987 - 1st Edition

 ANSI C62.41 - 1991 Locations defined as

categories
 ANSI C62.45 - 1992 Test waveforms

defined
 UL 1449 - 2nd Edition - Effective August 17,

1998
 UL 1449 INTENT
 Consolidate previous IEEE and ANSI standards

 Establish safety standards

 Provide performance rating standards

 Provide an objective, consistent basis for comparison

Key Elements
 Measured Limiting Voltage  Assigns clamp voltage level

 Limited Current, Abnormal  Determines product will fail

Overvoltage safely

 Fault Current, Abnormal  Determines product will clear

Overvoltage safely
 UL 1449 SECOND
EDITION
Design Methods
REPLACEABLE FUSE TYPE
• Internal current limiting fuses with thermally
encapsulated
replaceable modules.

• External current limiting fuses with internal, non-

replaceable thermal fuses.

NON-REPLACEABLE FUSE TYPE

• Internal current limiting fuses built-in some explosion
proof housing.
 IMPORTANT INFORMATION

To assure a valid Second Edition Listed product,

a specifier must obtain an unedited copy of the
manufacturers UL file and/or the installation
instruction to ensure an additional
device is not required.
 NEW NEC
( NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE )
 Article 285

 General requirement, Installation requirement, and

connection requirement for TVSS.

 Addresses TVSS as load side device for Service and

Feeder/Branch panels

 Most important sections are 285.2 and 285.6. 285.2

Addresses the fact that the TVSS device is to be a
repetitive unit. 285.6 Addresses the Short Circuit Rating.
TVSS shall be marked with a short circuit current rating
and shall not be installed at a point on the system where
the available fault current is in excess of that rating.
 Performance
 Must limit surge to what load can handle.

 Must meet current industry standards.

Clamping Voltage

 ITIC (CBEMA) Curve

 IEC Report 664

 Performance
ITIC (CBEMA) Curve
600%

500% A typical design objective is within

the 850V maximum withstand
400%
limitation.
Clamp Area to the right of this transient
Max.
Voltag transient line is where computer
e voltage for equipment damage can occur.
reliable
200% computer
equipment
operation.

130%
RMS Line
Voltage
20 usec 100 usec

Time
 Performance
IEC Report 664
Impulse withstand voltage guideline by category

 Category I - sensitive electronics

150V systems - 800V
300V systems - 1500V
 Category II - industrial equipment
150V systems - 1500V
300V systems - 2500V
 Performance
Ideal Clamping Range
 500 - 800V for 120V systems
 800 - 1200V for 277V systems

LEA clamps between: 500 - 600V for 120V

800 - 1200V for 277V
 Reliability
 Surge capacity

 Repetitive

capability
 Energy sharing

 Higher MCOV

Max Continuos Operating Voltages

Surge protectors with lower MCOV are subject to:
 MOVs turn-on more

 Premature failure

 Higher Maintenance

 Considered unsafe by utilities

 Retrofitting existing building
• Easy under MiCTA program
• Can be done for as little as $1,000 per
school
• Can be installed by electrical staff
• Protects new equipment that these
school’s electrical systems were not
designed for.
 Considerations in Broadcast
and Tower applications
• Much more likely to be hit by lightning
• Usually high value of equipment is
being protected
• Offer applications are critical
applications
 Solutions
• Series units provide extra protection
needed on these sites
• Choke systems provide superior
performance to insure these sites are
protected
• Proven with ten year coverage without
damage to any site
 Backup emergency power
• Units are available from 10 KW – 2MW
• Fuels can be natural gas, propane or
diesel
• Automatic transfer switches provide for
automatic starting in power outage
situations
 Sizing issues in data centers
• Alternator is what produces stable
voltage not kw
• Should be sized for no more than a 15%
voltage dip when air conditioners and
other large loads cycle
• This keeps UPS from constantly cycling
to battery which reduces their runtime
 Features available but not
usually specified on bids
• Web based monitoring as is common on
UPS,s and servers
• It is important to find out what generator
is doing when you get a power outage
notification from your UPS
 Cost Controlling Measures
• Institutions are looking for more
alternatives to control electric cost
• Institutions are look at ways to
reduce peak demand charges 
• DOE is offering incentives for
implementation of co-generation and
national energy roadmap wants 20 %
of all new power to be CHP
 Cost Controlling Measures
• Use of on-site generation for peak
shaving
• New technologies help reduce cost
of on-site generation and its use to
control cost while decreasing its
complexity
• Co-generation becoming important
to justify on-site generation
 New Technologies
Reciprocating Generators
Micro-turbine Generation
Fuel Cell Technology
Sterling engine technology
Software controlled paralleling
switchgear
                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                        
                                            

UTILITY POWER VS. ONSITE

                                   

 
   
   
 
COGENERATION  

Utility power stations have traditionally

provided dependable and cost effective power.
However, as populations shift, as businesses
require suppliers of all products and services to
                                          innovate more rapidly and pass along
efficiencies, and as environmental issues
                                            
become more pressing, centralized utilities
have had great difficulty meeting customer
expectations. Onsite cogeneration works on top
of the existing utilty grid to meet customer
demands in a significantly more flexible,
economical, and environmentally-friendly
manner.
view animation
 HOW COGENERATION WORKS
 
  Cogeneration, also known as combined  
 

heat and power (CHP), is the production of two

or more forms of energy from a single fuel
source. In the case of Hess Microgen units,
electricity, heating and/or chilling are the
                                        
energy products produced from a single fuel
source such as natural gas. Since both the
                                        
electricity and thermal energy are applied to
meeting a facility's energy requirements,
efficiencies far in excess of utility-provided
power can be obtained, making cogeneration a
more efficient, economical, and environmentally
friendly source of power.
view animation
 Reciprocating engine co-
generation
• Packaged units are available from 80-
350KW
• Higher electrical efficiency ~37.5%
• Heat output of ~500,000 BTU / 100KW
• Limitation of hot water or low pressure
steam as heat byproduct
Microturbine Technology
Microturbine Technology
What is a microturbine?
 Microturbine Technology
Generally, has the following attributes:
– Small (<300 kW) gas turbine
– Integrated high speed alternator
– High efficiency power
controller/conditioner
– Low emissions
– Good efficiency
– Wide variety of fuels
 Microturbine Technology

2 basic turbine configurations available today…

• Recuperated • Simple Cycle

– Employs special heat
exchanger (recuperator)
– ~26% electric efficiency
– Baseload, peak shaving
– Hot water heating of
~650,000 BTU/100KW
– Non-recuperated
– ~14% electric
efficiency
– Standby, low fuel cost
– Hot water heating of
~1,800,000btu/100kw
 Recuperated Cycle
• Higher GT thermal efficiency (30%)
• Used typically in electrical-only systems
• Can be used with cogeneration systems, but
at a loss of overall thermal energy available
– Net system efficiencies (electrical and thermal)
approach 70%
• Moderate time-to-load
– to protect recuperator from thermal distress
 Simple Cycle
• Low GT thermal efficiency (15%)
• Typically used when fuel cost is not a
concern (resource recovery or
emergency standby)
• High thermal energy available makes
cogeneration attractive
– Net system efficiencies approach 85%
• Typically, quick time-to-load
 Typical Microturbine Schematic

Boiler / Chiller

Recuperator

Power
Electronics

Gas turbine

Alternator
 Recuperator
Heat exchanger that recovers a portion
of the exhaust heat energy and returns
it to the gas turbine to increase thermal
efficiency by reducing fuel consumption.
 Recuperator
Reasons to use a recuperator in a GT
• Doubles GT thermal efficiency (#1)
• Some lesser benefits
– Helps stabilize emissions at operating
temperature
– Reduces turbine acoustic emissions
 Recuperator

Doesn’t come without a penalty….

• Increases system cost
• Reduces thermal energy available
to a cogeneration application
• Just another thing to break
Power Controller / Conditioner
• Conditions raw alternator output power into
clean AC power
– High freq AC is rectified to high voltage DC
– DC is switched back into AC.
• Controller interface allows the end user to
program and control MTG output.
– Remote operation and control
– Diagnostics
– Isolation / Protection
Power Controller / Conditioner
• Can be either grid parallel, stand alone
(island)
• Fixed or variable output power (load
following, with limitations)
• High quality output
– 208 to 480VAC
– Maximum current THD typically 5%
Bowman Power Systems
TURBOGEN TG80
tm
 Fuel Cells
• Run on Hydrogen
• Very low emissions with water as
byproduct
• High efficiency approaching 50%
electrically
• 300,000 btu of waste heat / 100 kw
• Base load only with little ability to cycle
• Not yet cost effective commercially
 Sterling Engine
• Also called External Combustion Engine
• Available is 25 kw systems
• Close to 30% efficiency
• Waste heat version available
• Should be commercially available within
2 years
 Software controlled
switchgear
• Has made paralleling economical
• Can made peak shaving an automatic
system
• Can offer either base loading or peak
loading of generation
 Co-generation application
• Absorption Chilling , hot water and steam
Data centers
broadcast centers
Uses waste heat to provide air conditioning
• Applications with constant heat requirement
Swimming pools
• Hot water requirements
Dormitories
Housing
 Co-generation in Data
centers
100 KW of generation provides 30 tons
of air conditioning which meets
centers needs
Eliminates need for electric air
conditioning
Heat can be redistributed to rest of
building
 Coffman Electrical
Equipment

• Greg Mulder
• October 15,2002
• MiCTA & ATAlliance Fall
Conference