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New Horizon-Pluto
Launch: July 19, 2006
Closer: July 4, 2015
Cassini Huygens- Saturn
Launch: October 15, 1997
End Mission: September 15, 2017
Juno-Jupiter
Launch: August 5, 2011
Orbit : July 5, 2016

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Direction: Arrange the jumbled letters to form words related to the
universe. Say something about the formed words/terms.

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Important terms that learners will encounter.

Baryonic matter - "ordinary" matter consisting of

protons, electrons, and neutrons that comprises atoms,
planets, stars, galaxies, and other bodies
Dark matter - matter that has gravity but does not emits
light.
Dark Energy - a source of anti-gravity; a force that
counteracts gravity and causes the universe to expand.
Protostar - an early stage in the formation of a star
resulting from the gravitational collapse of gases.
Thermonuclear reaction - a nuclear fusion reaction
responsible for the energy produced by stars.
Main Sequence Stars - stars that fuse hydrogen atoms to
form helium atoms in their cores; outward pressure
resulting from nuclear fusion is balanced by gravitational
forces
Light years - the distance light can travel in a year; a
unit of length used to measure astronomical distance

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 The Universe is commonly defined as the totality of
existence, including planets, stars, galaxies, the
contents of intergalactic space, and all matter and
energy.

 Everything that exists, everything that has existed

and everything that will exists
The universe began with the Big Bang, and
is estimated to be approximately 13.8
billion years old (plus or minus 130
million years).

• How long will you spend 1 billion pesos if you

will spend 1 peso per second?

= 32 years

1 billion/(60s/min*60min/hr*24/day*365days/yr)

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There are many components of the universe
which includes solar systems, galaxies, countless
numbers of stars , and so many other planets
which we have never heard of. There are about
8 planets namely :-
Mercury,Venus,Earth,Mars,Jupiter,Saturn,Ura
nus and Neptune. There are also some dwarf
planets such as Ceres.
Our Solar System


Picture of the Sun

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I THE UNIVERSE
1. The composition of the universe
The universe is made up of:
* Ordinary/ Baryonic visible matter (stars, planets
protons, neutrons etc): 4.6 %
* Cold Dark Matter: 24%
* Dark Energy: 71.4%
1.1 Normal matter forms 4% of the universe and is
made up of atoms of chemical elements.

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In normal matter known, between 70% and 75% is
hydrogen.

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1.2 Dark matter
• It constitutes 24% of the universe.
We do not know its composition because:
* it’s can not be seen.
* it does not emit or reflect light or radiation.

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1.3 Dark energy
• It constitutes 71.4% of the universe, it is
distributed homogeneously in space and its
composition is unknown.

How was it discovered?

Scientists, studying the explosion of the stars, saw
that the universe is expanding faster now than
before and felt that this energy is the cause of this
acceleration.

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II. GALAXIES AND STARS
First galaxies began to form one billion years after
the Big Bang.
The stars contained in these galaxies were
formed at different times and, after evolving,
died.
 
Galaxies
Galaxies are formed by visible matter (stars, gas
clouds and dust), dark matter and dark energy,
gravitationally bound.

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Galaxies move in space and, although sometimes
collide violently, usually move away from each other.

- Galaxy Group: it’s a set of galaxies and contains less than

50 galaxies.For example: Local Group (contains the Milky
Way), Hickson 44.

- Galaxy Cluster: Is larger than a group and usually contains

between 50 to 1000 galaxies. For example: Virgo, Coma.

- Supercluster: Is the largest collection of galaxies and

contain many groups and clusters. For example: Local
Supercluster
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6.1 Structures of galaxies
Inside of a galaxy the following structures can be
observed:
a) Star cluster. It’s a group of stars held together
by gravity effect.

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b) Nebula. It’s an interstellar cloud of dust,
hydrogen, helium and other gases.

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c) Multiple star system. Many stars we see in the
sky, in fact, are systems composed of groups of two,
three, four or more stars held together by gravity
that orbit a common center.

Alpha Centauri

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6.2 Types of galaxies
There are three main types of galaxies: Elliptical,
Spiral, and Irregular.

Elliptical (M49) Irregular (The Large

Magellanic Cloud)

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 Barred spiral

Spiral
(Coma Berenices) 47
a) Elliptical galaxies

They have very little gas and dust. Because gas and
dust are found in the clouds that are the birthplaces
of stars, we should expect to see very few young
stars in elliptical galaxies. In fact, elliptical galaxies
contain primarily old, red stars.

They come from the collision and joining of other

galaxies. They typically have a black hole in the
center.
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b) Spiral galaxies
The arms of a normal spiral galaxy are filled with
stars and gas clouds. Spiral galaxies have a central
bulge, or nucleus, from which a number of arms
curve out.

NGC 3310

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c) Irregular galaxies
They are made up of young stars and a high
quantity of dust and interestelar gas. Besides,
they don't have nucleus.

They have a wide variety of shapes and

characteristics.

They are frequently the result of collisions

between galaxies or gravitational interactions
between galaxies.

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3 Types of Galaxies
1. spiral- nucleus with arms extending out
most galaxies are this type
Milky Way is spiral

2. elliptical- oval/ disk shaped

3. irregular- smaller, fainter less common

 Black hole: is a region of space where there is a
concentration of high density material, such that
the gravitational force is so high that neither light
nor matter can’t escape. So anything that is within
its event horizon can’t escape it.
The term "black hole" should not be understood
as a "hole" in the usual sense of the term, but as a
region of space from which nothing can escape, not
even light. This is why they are called "black".

In the center of a black hole, there is always a

singularity, a point of infinite density and gravity.
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Supermassive black hole

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 What is a Star?

Star: A body of gas that gives

off a tremendous amount of
radiant energy in the form of
light and heat
7.1 Appearance
a) Brightness.
Their brightness is a factor of how much energy
they put out and also how far away from Earth
they are.

b) Color/temperature.
Stars in the heavens may also appear to be
different colors because their temperatures are
not all the same. Hot stars are white or blue,
whereas cooler stars appear to have orange or
red hues.
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c) Size.

Stars may occur in many sizes, which are classified

in a range from dwarfs to supergiants. Supergiants
may have radii a thousand times larger than that of
our own sun.

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 Seen only in infrared
 Huge clouds of dust (1%) & gas (99%)
 This is where most stars are born.

Stellar nursery is a nebula

( a large cloud of
hydrogen gas in space) in
which star formation is
occurring
7.3 Lyfe cycles of stars
A star goes through a life cycle. This is determined
by the size of the star.

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- Stars about the same size as our Sun follow the
left hand path:

Main sequence star red giant white dwarf

black dwarf

- Stars much bigger than out Sun:

Main sequence star red super giant
supernova neutron star or black hole
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 Light Year—used
Year as a measurement of the
great distances in space
 A light year is the distance that a ray of light

can travel in a year, or:

 A light year is 5,865,696,000,000 miles

(9,460,800,000,000 kilometers).
 A star or a star system’s distance from earth

is measured in light years.

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 The Big Bang theory and the term
BB generally refers to the idea that
this mysterious universe has
expanded from a very hot and
dense initial condition at some
time in the past, and it continues
to expand.

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Georges Lemaitre George Gamow
 According to the standard
theory, our universe sprang
into existence as singularity
around 13.82 billion years
ago.

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1. Formation of the Universe
2. Formation of the Basic Elemets ( HADRON,
LEPTON ERA)
3. RADIATON ERA
4. BIRTH OF STARS AND GALAXIES

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Cosmic microwave background radiation is
thought to be a remnant of leftover light
from the Big Bang that is found throughout
the universe. The radiation is similar to that
of for TV signals by antennas. It is believed
to hold details of the Big Bang and the early
universe being the oldest radiation known.
People often tend to think of a giant explosion
when really the Big Bang was and continues
to be an expansion. Instead of thinking of it
as a balloon popping; imagine it as a balloon
expanding and filling with air continuing on
and on to the size of our universe.
1. Big Crunch

2. Big freeze/Big Chill

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  Edwin Hubble’s
observations of
remote galaxies, and
the redshift of their
spectral lines (1924).
 Hubble noticed that
the further away the
galaxy, the greater
the redshift of its
spectral lines.

This linear relationship is called Hubble’s Law.

http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect20/A9.html
Analogy: Passing train whistle, high to low frequency = short to long wavelength
“Doppler Effect”
 Blue, moving toward us

Red, very distant, moving away fast

Hubble Space Telescope

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2. Open Universe/Closed Universe
OPEN UNIVERSE - Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) discovered
the galaxies of the universe are moving farther apart. This
means that the universe is getting continually bigger or
getting bigger forever. If there is not enough matter in the
universe to exert a strong enough gravitational force to
stop the universal expansion associated with the big bang.

CLOSED UNIVERSE - Alternatively, the galaxies may come

together, until finally they will collide and explode. This
event is called the “Big Crunch”.
If the Big Crunch occurred, the sky would grow as
hot as the sun. Finally, everything would vanish into a
blackhole.
3. Steady State
Proposed by Hermann Bondi, Thomas
Gold, and Fred Hoyle in 1928, this suggests
that there is neither beginning nor end to the
universe, and it has a constant mean density.
This theory postulates that matter is
created throughout the universe at a rate of
about 10-10 nucleon per meter cube per year
as a property of space.
This violates the Law of Conservation of
Matter and Energy.
 Fred Hoyle
Hermann Bondi

Thomas Gold
 Birth of the Solar System
We know how the Earth and Solar System are today and
this allows us to work backwards and determine how the
Earth and Solar System were formed.
Plus we can travel out into the universe for clues on how
stars and planets are currently being formed.
 The Nebular Hypothesis
In cosmology, the Nebular Hypothesis is the
currently accepted argument about how a Solar
System can form.
The Nebular Hypothesis
 The Nebular Hypothesis
A large gas cloud (nebula) begins to condense.
Most of the mass is in the center, there is
turbulence in the outer parts.
 The Nebular Hypothesis
The slowly
spinning nebula
started to cool &
shrink then
became a compact
sphere.
The sphere began
spinning faster &
started flinging
some matter away
that became the
Protostar
Birth of the Solar System
Birth of the Solar System
Size of the Planets
 The Planetesimal Hypothesis
 F.R. Moulton & Thomas C. Chamberlin (1905)
based their ideas from Comte Georges-Louis

 The surface of the sun was disturbed by the

gravity of a passing star.

◦ This tore chunks of gaseous material from the sun

that later cooled off into chunks of planetesimals.
• The planetesimals collided with each other
and formed bigger chunks.
• These were attracted to the sun’s gravity &
orbited around it, which became the planets.
 The Tidal Hypothesis
 Physicist Sir Harold
Jeffreys (British)
 A passing star might

have glanced the sun

and smashed out a
huge amount of cigar-
shaped solar material.

 These condensed and

turned into the planets.
The Double-Star Hypothesis
 British Astronomer, Raymond
Lyttleton
 The sun was a part of a binary

star system
 A third star passed by and

disrupted the stellar twins and

turned it into a turbulent cloud
of gas.
 The surviving twin became the

sun & the pieces of the

disrupted star became the
planets.
UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM
Bigbang Nebular

Open Universe Planetesimal

Steady State Tidal

Double-Star
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