A Reliable Link-adaptive Position-based Routing Protocol for Flying Ad hoc Network

Thesis Defense
Student Name : Muhammad Qamar Usman
Reg# : FA17-REE-018/WAH
Supervisor Name: Assistant Professor, Dr. Omer Chughtai

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah campus
 Outline

Introduction
Literature Review
Problem Statement
Research Objectives
Proposed Methodology
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
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 Introduction

 Infrastructure-based Wireless Network

 Infrastructure-less Wireless Network (ad hoc Network)

Mobile ad hoc Network (MANET) Vehicular ad hoc Network (VANET)

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 Introduction

 Flying ad hoc Network(FANET)

UAV 5 UAV 7
UAV 4
UAV 1

UAV 6
UAV 3
UAV 2

Ground base station

FANET Applications
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 Introduction

Data Communication in FANET

 Flooding
UAV 7
 Routing UAV 3

UAV 1
UAV 6

UAV 5

UAV 4
UAV 2

Ground base station

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Literature Review

Routing Protocols in FANET

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 Literature Review
Routing
Routing technique Design protocols Goals Routing metrics
Protocols
 

utilization
Topology Based routing Geographical based routing
 

Low packet overhead

Minimum Hop count

Packet delivery ratio

Optimized Link

Path life time

Low latency

Scalability
 

Efficient Bandwidth

ETX
NON-DTN
Proactive

Reactive

  Hybrid

DTN
 

DOLSR[27]                         
POLSR[29]                       
MOLSR[33]                        
OLSR-ETX[32]                        
Time slotted AODV[34]                        
RTORA[51]                        
HRC[14]                        
MPCA[39]                         
GPMOR[41]                       
GPSR[43]                         
MPGR[44]                       
RGR[45]                       
ARPAM[47]                        
LAROD[48]                        
GRAA[49]                        
RARP[52]                      

Comparative Analysis of FANET Routing Protocols

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 Problem Statement

 The problem of unreliable data delivery and high End-

to-End (ETE) delay in Flying Ad hoc Network (FANET)
is due to the inappropriate selection of path or next
hop node in the network
 A reliable and energy efficient route selection
mechanism is required in FANET 

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 Research Objectives

To design and develop a routing protocol that allows the

intermediate nodes along the ETE route to select an
appropriate next hop node based on the forwarding zone
towards the destination in order
 to reduce the control signaling overhead
 To increase the network lifetime
 To reduce the number of messages required to discover
the destination per unit time that is the search success
rate
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 Proposed Methodology

Reliable Link Adaptive Position-based Routing

protocol (RLPR) is Proposed for FANET
Computation of Forwarding zone
Selection of Front Relative Nodes
Routing Metrics for Path Selection

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 System Model For RLPR

Satellite

Laptop
Smart
Phone
Y-Axis
Cloud
X-Axis PDA

Z-Axis Ground base

Application Station

Transport

Network

Data-Link End-to-End Communication - Routing (S  D)

Physical

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 Proposed Methodology
Computation of Forwarding zone
Selection of Front Relative Nodes Forward Zone of
Node 1 𝑥𝑟𝑛 − 𝑥 𝑝h
  =cos
𝜃
−1

|√ 2
( 𝑥 𝑟𝑛 − 𝑥 𝑝h ) − ( 𝑦 𝑟𝑛 − 𝑦 𝑝h )
2

Node with Energy

5 less then Threshold
2 13

Backward Zone of 10
Node 1
3
1 6

12

Reference 4 7
Node/Source Node 11 Destination Node

Front Relative of Node 1

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 Routing Metrics for Path
Selection


  Receive Signal strength
 Relative Speed of nodes

 Geographic Progress of nodes

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 Composite Metric

  By using composite metric node with high connectivity


level and whose position toward destination is selected as
a next forwarding node

and are the weights with equal weightage.

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Composite Metric Working Illustration

2
5 8
11 Selected Reliable
3 Link adaptive
1 10
6 Route
12

Source 4 7 9 Intended
Destination

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 Working Principle of RLPR

 Different types of messages are exchanged between the

nodes in network to achieve the desired objectives
 1-Hop HELLO broadcast Messages
 1-Hop HELLO periodic broadcast messages
 Adaptive zoom out 1-Hop broadcast messages
 Routing Path selection Message
 Reliable link route request (RLRQ) Message
 Reliable link route reply (RLRP) Message

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 Flow Chart of RLPR
Start
Source
Node has a data Compute RSSI
to send ?? Node maintain
YES
Periodic Broadcast Adaptive Zoom-out backward entry in Routing
1-Hop Hello packet Broadcast Table for same Seq no
with UAV speed 1-Hop Hello packet Broadcast id
Position with UAV speed
RSSI<Rth Threshold
Position Path to Yes Forward Data Yes NO
Destination is along Reliable
available Path Maintain
NO Backward Entries
NO Compute GD and in Routing Table
Discard Yes Relative Speed
Energy < Threshold Broadcast
Entry
RLRQ packet Unicast RLRP Retrieve Store
Compute packet Information
NO Discard
Composite
Entry
metrics and Set
Receiving UAV Receiving Timer
calculates and Store Node is Dst ? Yes Receiving Maintain
Distance and Relative Or it has path Maintain NO
Node is Source Forward Entry in
speed to Dst ? Backward Entry node ? Routing Table
in routing Table
Populate and Update NO Yes
Neighbor Relative Forward
Table YES Data packets
Node Recv Waiting Time
RLRQ packet for same Expire ?
YES RESET
path before with same
TIMER
sequence no and NO
NO Position of UAV
Broadcast id END
is in Front and Toward
Destination
NO
YES

Populate and Update Receiving

NO
Front Neighbor Node is Front Relative
Relative Table Node??

YES

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Implementation Details of RLPR

RLPR Protocol Running Executing

Tcl Script
implementation Simulations

Collecting Trace
Files

Data Files
Import to Apply Awk script
(performance
MATLAB Code
metrics)

NS-2 Frame Work

Results/Graph

Implementation Model of RLPR

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Performance Evaluation Parameters
for RLPR

 Control messages Overhead

 Network Lifetime
 Search Success Rate

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Simulation Parameters For RLPR

Parameters Values
Physical Layer Parameters  
Antenna model Omnidirectional
Mobility Model Random way point mobility
Reception threshold -64dbm
Speed of Nodes 10-25 km/h
Carrier Frequency 2.4Ghz
Maximum transmission Range 250m
Energy threshold 10 Joules
Radio propagation model (outdoor) Free space
Network Layer Parameters  
Routing Protocol RLPR ,AODV,RARP
Transport Layer Parameters  
Protocol UDP
Application Layer  
 
Application CBR
Packet size 512 Bytes
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 Control Message Overhead
80 300
Number of Control Messages

AODV AODV

Number of Control Messages

RARP RARP
60 RLPR RLPR
200

40

100
20

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Number of Nodes Number of Source Nodes
Impact of Number of Nodes on Control Message Impact of Number of Source Nodes on Control Message
250
AODV
Number of Control Messages

RARP
200
RLPR

150

100

50

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Pause Time
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Impact of Pause time on Control Message
 Network Life Time
4
10
2 600
AODV AODV
RARP RARP

Network Life Time

Network Life Time

1.5 RLPR RLPR

400

200
0.5

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Number of Nodes Number of Source Nodes
Impact of Number of Nodes on Network Life Time Impact of Number of Source Nodes on Network Life Time
10000
AODV
RARP
8000
Network Life Time

RLPR

6000

4000

2000

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Pause Time 01/30/2021
Impact of Pause Time on Network Life Time
 Search Success Rate

15
AODV
RARP
Search Success Rate

RLPR
10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Number of Nodes
Impact of Number of Nodes on Search Success Rate

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 Conclusion

 The results showed that RLPR increased the network

life time and minimized the number of control
message that was used for path discovery between
source and destination

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25 01/30/2021
 Node Energy<Threshold

9 1
4
6
Source UAV 2
20 GD=0.44
Km/h Composite
445,274   586,255
18km/h
Relative
RSSISpeed=0.08
Metric=0.26
7

5
10 3 8 838,226
GD=0.72
Relative
Composite 16 km/h
Speed
  523,182 =0.16
Metric=0.44
RSSI Ground base station

Front Relative nodes

26
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