CH331 Chemical Engineering Principles II

Lecture # 2-14

Dr Khurram Imran Khan

GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology
Faculty of Materials & Chemical Engineering
Fall Semester 2020
 Terminology Associated with Energy Balance
• Boundary-System-Surroundings
• Close System- Non Flow System
• Open System-Flow System
• Equilibrium (state)- Steady State
• Extensive-Intensive Properties
• Property-State-Phase
• Adiabatic-Isobaric-Isochoric-Isothermal
• Path Variables and State Variables
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 Energy
• Energy: Capacity to do work or transfer heat
• Heat: Energy flow caused by temperature difference-------
• Work Q , Q , and Qˆ
– Mechanical-Electrical-Shaft and Flow work
• Kinetic Energy
• Potential Energy -ve Q or W
• Internal Energy +ve Q or W
• Enthalpy
• Heat Capacity
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 State 2
• Mechanical Work  
W 
State 1
F  ds

• Shaft Work
• Flow Work

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 State 2 V2
F
W       Ads     p dV
State 1 
A V1

V2

For path (a): W   p  dV   p *(V2  V1 )

V1
V2 V2
nRT
For path (b): W    p dV    dV
V1 V1
V
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 A gas cylinder contains N2 at 200 kPa and 80°C. As a result of cooling
Problem 1 at night the pressure in the cylinder drops to 190 kPa and the
temperature to 30°C. How much work was done on the gas?

Problem 2

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 • Water is pumped from a storage tank through a tube of 3.00 cm inner diameter at the
rate of 0.001 m3/s. What is the specific kinetic energy of the water in the tube?

Water is pumped from one reservoir to

another 300 ft away, as shown in
Figure. The water level in the second
reservoir is 40 ft above the water level
of the first reservoir. What is the
increase in specific potential energy of
the water in British thermal units per
pound (mass)?

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 Internal Energy

Uˆ  Uˆ T ,Vˆ 
 Uˆ  Uˆ
dUˆ    dT   ˆ  dVˆ
 T Vˆ  V T

Heat Capacity at constant volume Cv

Uˆ 2 T2

Uˆ  Uˆ 2  Uˆ1   d Uˆ  C dT
 v
Uˆ1 T1

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 Enthalpy

Hˆ  Uˆ  pVˆ
Hˆ  Hˆ  T , p 

 Hˆ  Hˆ
dHˆ    dT    dp
 T  p  p T

Heat Capacity at constant pressure Cp

Hˆ 2 T2

Hˆ  Hˆ 2  Hˆ 1   dHˆ   C p dT
Hˆ 1 T1
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 Internal Energy Enthalpy


Uˆ  Uˆ T ,Vˆ  Hˆ  Uˆ  pVˆ
 Uˆ  Uˆ Hˆ  Hˆ  T , p 
dUˆ    dT   ˆ  dVˆ
 T Vˆ  V T ˆ ˆ
 H  H
dHˆ    dT    dp
Heat Capacity at constant volume Cv  T  p  p T

Uˆ 2 T2 Heat Capacity at constant pressure Cp

Uˆ  Uˆ 2  Uˆ1   d Uˆ  C dT
 v Hˆ 2 T2
Uˆ1
Hˆ  Hˆ 2  Hˆ 1   dHˆ   C p dT
T1

Hˆ 1 T1
Cv  C p  R
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 Enthalpy Changes of the Phase Transitions

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 Enthalpy Changes of the Phase Transitions
(cont.)

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 Heat Capacity

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 Example 9.9
• Calculate change in enthalpy, specific volume and temperature
for 1 lb of saturated vapour of n-butane going from 2 atm to 20
atm (saturated).

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 Enthalpy for Phase Transition
• Appendix F
• Chen’s Equation
• Riedel’s Equation
• Watson’s Equation

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 Energy Balance without Reaction
Accumulation of  Final material  Initial material
     
 material within 
  in the system 
  in the system 
 the system from t to t  at t  at t 
 1 2  2   1 
Total cumulative  Total cumulative 
material flow into   material flow out 
   
  
 the system fr om   of the system from 
t1 to t2  t1 to t 2 
Generation of  Consumption of 
material within  material within 
   
   
 the system from   the system from 
t1 to t2  t1 to t2 
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 Accumulation of  Final energy  Initial energy 
     
 energy within 
  in the system 
  in the system 
 the system from t to t  at t  at t 
 1 2  2   1 
Total cumulative  Total cumulative 
energy flow into  energy flow out 
   
   
 the system from  of the system from 
t1 to t2  t1 to t2 
Generation of  Consumption of 
energy within  energy within 
   
  
 the system from   the system from 
t1 to t2  t1 to t2 

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 Unsteady-State, Close Systems
• Energy balance for a closed unsteady-state system

Einside    U  PE  KE  inside  Q  W
accumulation heat transfer work

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 Example 9.10
• Alkaloids are chemical compounds containing nitrogen that can be
produced by plant cells. In an experiment, an insulated closed vessel
1.673 m3 in volume was injected with a dilute water solution containing
two alkaloids: ajmalicine and serpentine. The temperature of the
solution was 10°C. To obtain an essentially dry residue of alkaloids, all
of the water in the vessel was vaporized. Assume that the properties of
water can be used in lieu of the properties of the solution .
• How much heat had to be transferred to the vessel if 1 kg of saturated
liquid water initially at 10°C was completely vaporized to a final
condi0tion of 100°C and 1 atm ? Ignore any air present in the vessel (or
assume an initial vacuum existed)
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 Einside    U  PE  KE  inside  Q  W

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 Einside    U  PE  KE  inside  Q  W

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 Example 9.11
• 10 pounds of CO2 at room temperature (80oF) are stored in a
fire extinguisher that has a volume of 4.0 ft3. How much heat
must be transferred from the extinguisher so that 40% of the
CO2 becomes liquid

Einside    U  PE  KE  inside  Q  W

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 Einside    U  PE  KE  inside  Q  W

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 Example 9.12
• Argon gas in an insulated plasma deposition chamber with a
volume of 2 L is to be heated by an electric resistance heater.
Initially the gas, which can be treated as an ideal gas, is at 1.5
Pa and 300 K. The 1000-ohm heater draws current at 40 volt
for 5 min (i.e., 480 J of is done on the system by the
surroundings). What are the final gas temperature and
pressure in the chamber? The mass of the heater is 12 g and its
heat capacity is 0.35 J/(g) (K)
Einside    U  PE  KE  inside  Q  W
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 Einside    U  PE  KE  inside  Q  W

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 Steady-State, Close Systems
KE  0 U  0
PE  0 hence E  0
so that
Q W  0

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 General Energy Balance for Open System

• Accumulation inside the system during t1 to t2:


E  mt2 Uˆ  KEˆ  PEˆ  t2

 mt1 Uˆ  KEˆ  PEˆ  t1
• Energy transfer in with mass during t1 to t2:
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
Uˆ1  KEˆ1  PEˆ1 m1  32
 General Energy Balance for Open System
• Energy transfer out with mass during t1 to t2:
 Uˆ 2  KEˆ 2  PEˆ 2 m2 
• Net energy transfer by heat transfer in or out
during t1 to t2: Q
• Net energy transfer by shaft, mechanical, or
electrical work in out during t1 to t2: W
• Net energy transfer by work to introduce and
remove mass during t1 to t2: ˆ ˆ p1V1m1  p2V2 m2
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 General Energy Balance for Open System
• After introducing /substituting enthalpy

   
E  Hˆ 2  KEˆ 2  PEˆ 2 m2  Hˆ 1  KEˆ1  PEˆ1 m1  Q  W

• Final Expression

E  Q  W    H  KE  PE 

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 Evaporator that
Boiler to generate steam concentrate the solute

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 Turbine

Plate extraction column

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 Example 9.14

(213oC)

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 Example 9.15

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 Problem 2
• Calculate Q for the system

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 Problem 3
A 3 MW steam-driven turbine operates in the steady state
using 20 kg/s of steam. The inlet conditions for the system
are p= 3000 kPa and 450oC. The outlet conditions are 500
kPa, saturated vapour. The entering velocity of the steam
is 250 m/s and the exit velocity is 40 m/s. What is the heat
transfer in kilowatts for the turbine as the system? What
fraction of the energy supplied by the steam is generated
power?

Turbine
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 Unsteady-State, Open System

Filling a fixed-volume tank

Crystallizer
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 Batch Distillation Process
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 Example 9.16
Final Temperature of the vessel??

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 Example 9.17

Solution
Temp 20 to 45oC

Kilogram of steam required???

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 Example 9.18

Final temperature of the tank?

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 Quiz
1. Calculate the KE of the liquid water flowing in a pipe with a 10
cm inner diameter at the rate of 400kg/min.
2. One kilogram of water is at its boiling point of 300oC. It is then
heated at constant pressure to 350oC, then compressed at
constant temperature to one half of its volume at 350oC, and
finnaly returned to its original state of boiling point of 300oC.
Calculate the

U and H
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 Quiz
3. Two gram mole of nitrogen are heated from 50oC to 450oC in a
cylinder. What is change in enthalpy of the process?

2 5
C p  27.32  0.6226 10 T  0.0950  10 T 2

T is in kelvin and C p is in J/  g mol   o C 

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 General Problem
A stream of hot water at 150 °C flowing at a rate of 50 kg/min is
to be produced by mixing water at 60 °C and steam at 300 kPa
and 280 °C in a suitable mixer. What are the required flow rates
of steam and cold water. Assume Q = 0.

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 Numerical
• 9.3.7
Water is heated in a closed pot on top of a stove while being
stirred by a paddle wheel. During the process, 30 kJ of heat are
transferred to the water, and 5 kJ of heat are lost to the
surrounding air. The work done amounts to 500 J. Determine the
final energy of the system if its initial internal energy was 10 kJ.
• 9.3.8
A person living in a 4 m X 5 m X 5 m room forgets to turn off a
100 W fan before leaving the room, which is at 100 kPa, 30oC.
Will the room be cooler when the person comes back after 5
hours, assuming zero heat transfer? The heat capacity at
constant volume for air is 30 kJ/kg mol
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 Numerical
• Self Try
Calculate how much heat is needed to evaporate 1 kg
of water in an open vessel if the water starts at 27oC.
• 9.3.16
Air is being compressed from 100 kPa and 255 K
(H=489kJ/kg) to 1000 kPa and 278 K (H=509 kJ/kg).
The exit velocity of the air from the compressor is 60
m/s. What is the power requirement (in kW) for the
compressor if the load is 100 kg/h of air?

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 9.3.18
Write the appropriate simplifies energy balances for
the following changes; in each case the amount of
material to be used as a basis of calculation is 1 lb
and the initial condition is 100 psia and 370oF:
a. The substance, enclosed in a cylinder fitted with a
movable frictionless piston, is allowed to expand
at constant pressure until its temperature has
risen to 550oF.
b. The substance, enclosed in a cylinder fitted with a
movable frictionless piston, is kept at constant
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 c. The substance, enclosed in a cylinder fitted with a
movable frictionless piston, is compressed
adiabatically until its temperature has risen to 550oF.
d. The substance, enclosed in a cylinder fitted with a
movable frictionless piston, is compressed at
constant temperature until its pressure has risen to
200 psia.
e. The substance is enclosed in a container that is
connected to a second evacuated container of the
same volume as the first, there being a closed valve
between the two containers. The final conditions is
reached by opening the valve and allowing the
pressures and temperatures to equalize adiabatically.
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 9.3.21
a. A fluid flows through a poorly designed coil in
which it is heated from 70oF to 250oF. The pressure
at the coil inlet is 120 psia and at the coil outlet is
70 psia. The coil is of uniform cross section, and
the fluid enters with a velocity of 2ft/s.
b. A fluid is expanded through a well designed
adiabatic nozzle from a pressure of 200 psia and a
temperature of 650oF to a pressure of 40 psia and
a temperature of 350oF. The fluid enters the nozzle
with a velocity of 25 ft/s
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 c. A turbine directly connected to an electric
generator operates adiabatically. The working
fluid enters the turbine at 1400 kPa absolute
and 340oC. It leaves the turbine at 275 kPa
absolute and at a temperature of 180oC.
Entrance and exit velocities are negligible.
d. The fluid leaving the nozzle of part b is brought
to rest by passing it through the blades of
adiabatic turbine rotor, and it leaves the blades
at 40 psia and at 400oF.

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 Q. 1
Air is used to cool an auditorium. The flow rate of the entering air
to the cooling unit is 150 m3 per minute at 35oC and 100 kPa. The
air passes through a cooling unit that uses 15 kW for the electric
cooling coils. If the cooling loses from the cooling unit is 300 W,
what is the temperature of the exit air?

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 a n k
Th
y o u !

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