TOPIC:BONES

PRESENTER’S NAME: Bakhtawar safdar

SUBMMITED TO : Dr. ABDUR RASHAD
DATE:13-02-20
INSTITUTE’S NAME: UNITED COLLEGE OF PHYSICAL THERAPY
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 BONES
DEFINITION:
Bones are rigid body tissues consisting of cells embedded in an
abundant hard intercellular material.

FUNCTION:
Bones perform many functions some of them are as following :
 Support
 Movement
 Protection to soft organs and tissues
 A mineral reservoir
 Production of hormones
 Blood cell formation 02
 CLASSIFICATION OF BONES

Bones are classified according to :

1.structural,
2.functional and
3.location.

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 ON FUNTION BASIS
1. LONG BONE:
• They are cylindrical in shape .
• Provides leverage (balancing)
• Example is humerus bone .

2. SHORT BONE:
• They are cubical in shape.
• They provide stability and support.
• Example is tarsals.

3. FLATE BONES:
• They are typically thin ,often curved.
• Act as point of attachment for muscles and protection of internal organs.
• Example is sternum. 04
4. IRREGULAR BONE:
. They does not have any characterized shape.
. They provide protection to internal organs.
. Example is vertebrae.
5. SESAMOID BONE:
. They are small and round bones ,shaped like sesame seed.
. They provide protection from compressive forces.
. Example is patella .

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 ON STRUCTURE BASIS
Bones are composed of two types of tissues:

1. COMPACT (cortical) BONE:

It is hard layer that is dense, strong and durable.
It makeup around 80% of adult bone mass.

2. CANCELLOUS (trabecular or spongy) BONE:

It is light, less dense and more flexible than compact
bones.
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 ON LOCATION BASIS

 Axial skeleton

 Appendicular skeleton

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 AXIAL SKELETON(80 BONES)

DEFINITION:
It forms long axis of the body .
It include :
. skull,
. vertebral column and
. rib cage.
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 SKULL (28 BONES)

. CRANIAL BONES:

 Parietal (2)
 Temporal (2)
 Frontal (1)
 Occipital (1)
 Ethmoid (1)
 Sphenoid (1)
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. FACIAL BONES:

 Maxilla (2)
 Zygomatic (2)
 Mandible (1)
 Nasal (2)
 Platine (2)
 Inferior nasal concha (2)
 Lacramal (2)
 Vomer (1) 10
.AUDITORY OSSICLES:
. Malleus (2)
. Incus (2)
. Stapes (2

.HYOID BONE (1)

.THORACIC CAGE:
. Sternum
. Ribs 11
VERTEBRAL COLUMN:

. Cervicle (7)
. Thoracic (12)
. Lumbar (5)
. Sacrum (1)
. Coccyx (1)

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 APPENDICULAR SKELETON (128)

DEFINITION:
It consists of bones of upper and lower
limbs and girdles (shoulder bones and hip bones ) that attach
limbs to the axial skeleton .
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. PECTORAL GIRDLES:
. Clavicle (2)
. Scapula (2)

. UPPER EXTRIMITIES:
. Humerus (2)
. Radius (2)
. Ulna (2)
. Carpals (16)
. Meta carpals (10)
. Phalanges (28) 14
. PELVIC GIRDLE:
. Coccxial, innominate or hip bone (2)

. LOWER EXTRIMITIES:
. Femur (2)
. Tibia (2)
. Fibula (2)
. Patella (2)
. Tarsals (14)
. Meta tarsals (10)
. Phalanges (28) 15
 REFRENCES

Websites like
 Training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/skeleton/divisions/appendicular.html
 Training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/skeleton/divisions/axial.html
 Hindi.com/journals/bmri/2015/4217417
 Visible.com/learn/skeleton/types-of-bones
 En.Wikipedia.org/wiki/appendicular-skeleton
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QUESTIONS
THANK YOU