AL PLUS

AL plus
PDH radio
ALC plus
Instructor : Monthien Satantoranin

SIAE Microelettronica South East Asia & Pacific
1
AL plus and ALC plus Copyright Siae Microelettronica S.p.a.
Training items
1. AL plus
2. SCT
3. LCT
4. AL Plus Ethernet
5. ALC Plus
6. ALC Plus Ethernet
7. AL Troubleshooting: alarms and loops
8. Propagation: one easy example of hop calculation
2
1
PDH AL plus: hardware and
circuitry
3
IDU AL plus
Line Interface Module: Up to 32xE1, 4x10/100 BaseT + 24E1
Radio Interface Module 1 and 2 (Cable Interface + Power Supply)
Main Controller (Service channels, LCT connection, Alarms IN/OUT)

4
IDU AL plus 1RU
AL Plus 1+1 32xE1
LIM
RIM 1A
RIM 2A
Equipment Controller
AL Plus 24E1 +4xEth
5
IDU AL plus 2RU AL Plus 2x(1+1) Matrix Stm1
AL Plus 1+1 53xE1
6
ALC Plus
ALC Plus Ethernet
7
1+1 ODU
ODU
Unprotected ODU
8
ODU with separated antenna
antenna
1+0 pole mounting
waveguide
flange
9
waveguide
flange ODU with separated antenna
1+1 wall mounting
10
= FHIGH = Stand-by
1+1 hot stand-by = FLOW = Active
ODU ODU
1 1
IDU IDU
2 2
ODU ODU
Both radios, working at the same frequency, are active in Rx but only
one is active in Tx:
1 antenna – Branching losses are inserted in link budget
2 antennas –Link is in space diversity (and without branching losses)
Best performance for d=150 (d=distance between antennas)
11
1+1 frequency diversity
ODU ODU
1 1
IDU IDU
2 2
ODU ODU
All radios, working at different frequencies, are active in Rx and Tx
1 antenna – Branching losses are inserted in link budget
2 antennas –Link is in space diversity (and without branching losses)
= F1HIGH = F2HIGH
= F1LOW = F2LOW
12
Software Keys
Following functionalities are enabled through a
software key:
• Capacity changing
• Modulation changing
• Way side traffic
• OSPF Option
• Fade Margin Test Option
• Ethernet
13
AL plus : main facilities
 Nodal version
 PRBS generator
 ATPC
 Adaptive modulation
 Base 5 hierarchy
 Fade margin
14
Available version
New pdh AL is available in many versions
Configuration can be set via software :
 Modulation: 4QAM, 16QAM, 32 QAM
 Capacity:
2, 4, 8,16,32xE1, 5, 10, 21xE1 (1RU)
42xE1, 53xE1 (2RU)
4xLAN+24xE1
 Configuration: 1+0, 1+1 h.s.by or eterofreq.
IDU is frequency, capacity and modulation independent

ODU depends by frequency only
15
User interfaces
Modulation
Capacity
User Interfaces 4 QAM 16 QAM 32 QAM
[Mbit/s]
4
10
- 2xE1/4xE1/16xE1 16
- 10/100BaseT + NxE1
20
32
42
- 32xE1 64
- 10/100BaseT + NxE1 84
-10/100BaseT + NxE1
-53xE1
100
106
16
Equipment structure
17
Controller
18
LIM Tx direction
19
*FEC = Forward Error Corrector
LIM Rx direction
Example: Without  BER=10-6
With  BER=10-13 (+2.5 dB)
FEC *
(block code)
errors
20
RIM
140 MHz
21
ODU
22
ATPC (Automatic Tx Power Control)
40 dB
ATPC range
23
Characteristics : examples(1)
 Tx power (4QAM/16QAM/32QAM) in dBm :
4 GHz +29 / +24 / +22
7 GHz +27 / +22 / +20
15 GHz +25 / +20 / +20
18 GHz +20 / +15 / +15
23 GHz +20 / +15 / +15
 Tx/Rx spacing in MHz:
4 GHz 100
7 GHz 154/161/168/196/245
15 GHz 315/322/420/490/728
18 GHz 1010
23 GHz 1008/1200/1232/
 Power consumption in W (for frequencies > 15GHz):
1+0 < 32
1+1 < 55
4x(1+0) < 106
24
Characteristics :examples (2)
 Rx 10-6 thresholds (4QAM/16QAM) guaranteed, dBm:
- in 21x2
4 GHz -81.5 / -77.5
7 GHz -80.5 / -76.5
15 GHz -80 / -76
18 GHz -79.5 / -75.5
23 GHz -79.5 / -75.5
- in 4x2
4 GHz -89 / -85
7 GHz -88 / -84
15 GHz -87.5 / -83.5
18 GHz -87 / -83
23 GHz -87 / -83
 Max Rx power - 20 dBm
25
Setup with SCT/LCT
1. Set modulation and capacity
2. “Dynamic/adapt. Modulation” disabled
3. “Tx Switch on remote alarm” disabled
4. Set the same Link Id on local and remote
5. Enable the same tributaries on local and remote
6. Select the same RF Channel on local and remote
7. Set Tx power at Max value, Tx power control manual
8. Check antenna aiming on local and on remote
26
Setup with SCT/LCT (2)
1. Set Lan IP Ethernet port address and netmask
2. Set the Agent (copy Ethernet port address)
3. Set all the other ports as Unnumbered, press:
 Set values
 Store
 Restart
4. Do the same on remote side
5. Into Subnetwork configuration wizard add station and
local and remote Agents, select Send
27
Processor FAIL
IDU AL plus alarm LED
LAN Connectors: RJ 45 type Duplex and Activity on LAN
interfaces
IDU-ODU
75/120 ohm E1 Service channels cable connector :
connectors: SCSI type SMA type
connectors :
RJ 45 type
Alarms LEDs : E1 way side
IDU (only for 16E1
and 32E1)
ODU
REM
TEST
28
REF.
ODU installation (1)

29
30
31
Interconnection cable
Frequency signals:
 Tx IF 330 MHz
 Rx IF 140 MHz
 Telemetry IDUODU 17.5 MHz
 Telemetry ODU  IDU 5.2 MHz
Max length (1/4 inch cable)

 Maximum distance between IDU-ODU 370 m
Required Cable Return Loss: Better than 22 dB
from 100 MHz to 400 MHz
32
Switch modes
 Auto
Preferential: operator can select which branch must be
operative without alarms.
Wait Time = time before coming back to the preferential
branch when alarms disappear. In this way the controller
doesn’t switch continuously in case of fleeting alarms.
Reset = Wait Time is not respected
Full auto: both branches have same priority
 Manual forcing
Operator can select which branch must be operative despite
alarms
33
Tx switch criteria
1. RIM PSU alarm Highest priority
2. Manual forcing
3. Cable short/ Cable open alarm
Modulator failure
ODU unit failure alarm
VCO failure alarm
IF unit alarm
ODU PSU alarm
Tx power low alarm
4. Rx failure on both remote radios
5. Revertive Tx lowest priority
34
Rx switch criteria
1. RIM PSU alarm Highest priority
2. Manual forcing
3. Cable short/open alarm
Base band unit failure alarm
Demodulator failure
ODU unit failure alarm
VCO failure alarm
IF unit alarm
ODU PSU alarm
High BER alarm (selectable: BER>10-3,-4,-5)
4. Low BER alarm (selectable: BER >10-6,-7,-8)
5. Early warning alarm (selectable: BER >10-9,-10,-11,-12)
6. RF input low (selectable from -40dBm to -99dBm)
7. CRC pulse
8. Revertive Rx lowest priority
35
Management LAN into a Station
Very easy Cabling of Local Station LAN :
 Integrated miniswitch on equipment
 No need of an HUB (difficult to power supply)
 2 LAN ports functionally equivalent
 No need of crossed cables (auto detect)
36
EQUIPMENT FEATURE
MANAGEMENT
37
Configuration upload/download
Upload (from equipment)
From Tool menu, open the proper Template
Select Upload operation and the equipment you want to
upload information from
Save them in a file (*.cfg)
Download (to equipment)

From Tool menu, open the proper file (*.cfg)
Select Download operation and the equipment you want
to download information to
Uploaded parameters and *.cfg file are editable using

Equipment Configuration Wizard.
38
Configuration Template
Configuration template: it is relevant to equipment
radio parameters as frequency, attenuation, capacity,
thresholds,…
Address configuration template: it is relevant to
management parameters as port IP addresses, routing
tables, remote elements tables, OSPF.
Both configurations are necessary during first

installation or when Controller module is substituted
with a spare one: you can use a file to download or set
every parameter manually.
39
Full backup
The whole amount of parameters (equipment
parameters, address parameters and remote element
table) can be uploaded from equipment, saved in a
file (*.bku), downloaded to equipment.
These parameters cannot be editated.
40
3
LCT:
AL
plus
41
Configurator AL plus
42
LCT: AL plus nodal
43
AL plus nodal: Configurator
A button to show the other two radios
44
Line-up: Radio parameters
Radio parameters to have the traffic working are:

1. RF channel
2. Modulation These parameters can be set locally only…
all changes must be performed first on
3. Capacity remote …and after on the local equipment
4. Link ID
45
Modulation/Capacity
Capacities for selected

modulation
46
Configuration parameters
Link ID  0  not used
Link ID  0  enable
LinkIDLOC  LinkIDREM (always)
After Controller unit replacement, the

configuration mismatch (Application
alarm on) can be solved in the following
way:
1) download the old configuration file: old
setup is downloaded on the controller
2) push Apply Configuration button: old
setup is downloaded on the equipment
47
Adaptive modulation
During bad propagation periods the system changes modulation to
increase system gain keeping constant the transmitted bandwidth and
reducing transmitted capacity, increasing system availability (for
priviledged traffic) Changes can be done only with Adap. Mod disabled
Modulation has been varied and
Adaptive mod. Enabling capacity has been reduced
PTx power increase , amount of
additional output power with reduced
modulation. Default 5dB
Below this PRx threshold, remote PTx increases (as

ATPC feedback) when in reduced modulation. This
offset is the number of dB from PRx @10-9. Default 2dB
Tx power increase of 3db if 16QAM.
Enable only if permitted by rules in your country.
ATPC hysteresis in dB for 16QAM recovery. Default 0dB
Seconds of stable PRx before recover to 16QAM. Default 10sec 48

Adaptive modulation
When happens?
Request of modulation change from 32/16QAM to 4QAM if, at worst
receiver (B):
1. PTx(AtoB) = PTx | MAX (ATPC on, and Tx at max value)
2. PRx(B) is lower than ATPC Low Thresholds (Remote needs more
power)
3. BER at (B) receiver lower than 10-9
Recovery of modulation from 4QAM to 16/32QAM if, at both ends:
1. PTx at 4QAM = MAX possible for 16/32QAM
2. ATPC not requiring remote TX power increase
3. BER no errors in the last seconds (default 10 sec)
49
Adaptive modulation
If PTx Max|4QAM=20dBm and PTx Max|16QAM =15dBm, difference is 5 dB so
PTx boost can be 0÷5dB
If ATPC value are not correct Dyn/adaptive modulation is not activated
Adap. Mod now active and with reduced

Mod
Warning : No configuration change must be
done with SCT/LCT when Dyn/Adaptive
Modulation is activated ! If you need a
loop or any other change please first
deactivate Dyn./A.M.
50
Adaptive modulation: half traffic is preserved
16/32QAM capacity  4QAM capacity

- 4x2 @16QAM, 5x2 @16QAM no adaptive mod.
- 8x2 @16QAM  4x2 @4QAM
- 10x2 @16QAM  5x2 @4QAM
- 16x2 @16QAM  8x2 @4QAM
- 21x2 @16QAM  10x2 @4QAM
- 32x2 @16QAM  16x2 @4QAM
- 42x2 @16QAM  21x2 @4QAM
- 53x2 @32QAM  21x2 @4QAM
Capacity decrease is pointed out by Reduce Capacity Alarm
51
What IDU PLUS offers:
52
Differences between AL and AL
plus
 Out of standard capacities
 Nodal configuration
 Dynamic/Adaptive modulation
 STM-1 input (see next slides)
Two Q3 ports
53
Rx Power Low thresholds
HBer,LBer, EWL
thresholds General preset:
thresholds
54
General preset:
Rx switches
1+0
1+1
In case of no Rx
In case of Hber, Lber, EWL, first CRC correction
55
If both remote radios don’t receive,
on local side Tx switch is performed
General preset:
Tx switch
56
General preset:
Miscellaneous
57
Radio branch: Frequencies
RF channel must be set.

Tx frequency is in RED
58
Radio branch:
ATPC
or
Manual Ptx setting
ATPC threshold 10-15 dB higher

than BER 10-3 threshold
59
On  no modulator (no traffic)
Radio branch:
Off  traffic ok Settings
On  traffic ok
Off  Radio receives only
On  Radio works (48Vdc in the cable)

Off  Cable can be disconnetted (no 48Vdc)
Traffic ok with:
Carrier only = Off , Tx Transmitter = On, Rt PSU = On
60
PRBS (Pseudo Random Bit Sequence)
Measure results and duration Alarm on “Checked signal” line
Sync Los events during test

Measure status
Checked signal selection
Pattern type
Tributary selection if
checked is Signal 2MBit
P.R.B.S replaces the traffic on selected channel

P.R.B.S. test is pointed out as Manual Operation (subject to timeout)
61
Fade Margin Fade margin:
Problems for
executing the test
62
Fade margin
63
1) Fade margin : Remote link
In “equipment 2” we want
to perform Fade margin
measurement
Remote terminal must be

declared as “Remote link”
64
2) Fade margin : summary
 Input data : Expected F.M. (calculated by the customer directly,
basing on nominal output power and nominal LBER threshold)
 External Atten. : all the losses between radio and antenna
(excluding Branching)
 Curr. Step : four step (TxL1RxL1 , TxL2RxL2 , TxL2RxL1 ,
TxL1RxL2)
 Real F.M. : value based on expected F.M. adjusted with real
output power, real LBER threshold (and External Atten.)
measured at Final Test Departiment in SIAE and stored in ODU
 Real F.M.v. : value calculated decreasing Local Output power
(1 dB step) until Remote LBER alarm activation. This value
should be compared with declared one (Input data)
65
SOH Bytes structure
RSOH 64Kbit/s
MSOH 1 66
R S T mode : RSOH
67
A1, A2, J0
If A1 and A2 are recognised by aligner and if J0 is the
correct one, RSOH bytes are extracted from SOH.
In case of:
- no input (alarm is LOS)
- failed recognition of A1,A2 (alarm is LOF)
- J0 not correct (alarm is Path Trace Mismatch)
then:
1. MS AIS signal is inserted on MSOH and on Payload
2. Local restart is enabled
68
B1, D1, D2, D3, E1, …
 B1:Byte Interleaved parity: carries link quality
info (relevant to G.826)
 D1, D2, D3: DCC data communication channel
for supervision and management (192 Kbit/s);
DCC loss is reported by QECC alarm
 E1 and 3X: bytes for EOW and low speed data
channel
69
Nodal IDU AL plus
High Speed (311 Mbps) Nodal

Interconn. (up to 3 IDUs Full
Single IDU: cross connection capability)
 4x(1+0)
 2x(1+1)
A
 1+0/1+1 Mixed configuration
Multiple IDUs (up to 3) B

 12x(1+0)
 6x(1+1)
 1+0/1+1 Mixed configuration
C 70
IDU NETWORK APPLICATIONS:
STM-1 Line interface – Typical Application
Site A Site B
53E1
SDH network
STM-1
16E1 Add/Drop 53E1 Add/Drop
Directly from E1 one side to STM1 on the other side

without the need of an additional ADM and cabling
71
IDU NETWORK APPLICATIONS:
STM-1 Line interface and Nodal Interfaces – Typical Application
Site A Site C
53E1
SDH network
STM-1
16E1 Add/Drop Site B
53E1
Directly from E1 one side to STM1 on the other side

without the need of an additional ADM and cabling
72
Nodal IDUs example
 Up to 12 radio direction (53x2 each)
 Up to 3xSTM-1 interfaces
 Up to 48E1 physical interfaces
 For a total of 873E1 crossconnected into the
node (unblocking)
53E1 53E1
53E1 53E1
53E1
53E1
53E1
53E1
53E1
53E1
53E1
53E1
3xSTM-1 (1+1 MSP) + 48E1

73
Nodal IDU Nbus ring
protection
on E1s
Node A
Drop Insert
& Nodal
- - - Terminal
Node configuration:
now the node is
Only D/I made of 3 x 2RU =
3Elems 74
Syncronization: SETS Selected: available synch. with
higher priority.
Available: present and not
degraded
Synchronization
Sources Synch.
status
White: not forced

Blue: forced
2MHz output clock
Source priority:
• 1Max
• 2min
Equipment • 4min …..
White: no alarms • disabled
clock
Red: alarmed (drift and/or LTI) 75
Syncronization: SETS
Enabled selected: sync source

used, with shown priority
Enabled unselected: sync
source disabled , not used
76
Nodal IDU VC4 Settings
Must be defined in case

of configuration change
77
Nodal IDU VC12 Settings
Must be defined in case
of configuration change
78
Nodal IDU Cross connection
79
Nodal IDU Cross connection 1
80
81
82
83
Nodal configured as
RadioA=RadioB= 2x(1+0)
84
Internal (radio) loop
Line enabled
Line loop
53E1= 32+21
Tributaries 85
ALCplus WEB LCT
ALC plus can be configured using a WEB Browser
in three different ways:
1) Starting from SCT
2) From the WEB browser via LAN
3) From WEBLCT console via USB
WEBLCT is very similar to standard LCT
integrated with SCT Equipment menu
In order to have the whole link in one page only,
local equipment is declared “managed by SCT”,
remote one is declared “remote link”
86
This is the software to manage a
single ALC plus.
All the commands are the
usuals…with a different style
AL plus and ALC plus

ALCplus WEB LCT
Copyright Siae Microelettronica S.p.a.
87
Equipment menu:
a mix of SCT equipment menu and LCT
command list 88
WEBLCT
Traffic parameters (without RF channel)
Rx switch Link alarms (RF input and quality)

89
E1 settings
Internal loop
Line loop
Tributary setting: a line can work only if enabled

(local and remote side)
90
Tx power
Traffic parameters:
Tx power and RF channel
RF channel (and freq. in MHz)
Manual operation
91
Interface parameters
Ethernet port settings 1 92

802.1q VLAN parameters
802.1p priority parameters
Ethernet port settings 2

93
Ethernet IDUs: available interfaces
AL Ethernet : 16E1 +3xEth

AL Plus Ethernet 24E1+ 4xEth
ALC Plus Ethernet* : 32E1+3xEth
___________________________________
*ALC plus: Ethernet traffic works with not hierarchical capacity only
94
Ethernet Setting of waiting time before Link
Loss Forwarding (010 sec.)
switch*
MAC Address Table (512/1024/2048)
size
Packet size Life of info in

(1522/1536)
MAC Addr. table
Queue assignement
depending 802.1p:
depending on input
priority, the packet Emptying algorithm
is sent to the of queues:
selected queue of a
port (level 2) 8421 WFQ
or
strictly priority
VLAN management
Queue assignement (level 3)
depending on PTOS or DSCP
95
*onlyALon
plusEthernet
and ALC plus LIM ! Siae Microelettronica S.p.a.
Copyright
PTOS values
(64 = 26)
Precedence
Routine
Priority
Immediate
Flash
Flash override
Critic/ECP
Internet Ctrl
Network Ctrl
Delay
Normal Depending on priority TOS
Low the queue is selected.
Throughput
Normal Queue View filter
High
selection
Reliability
Normal
High
DifferentialServiceCodePoint values 14 = 1 + 4x3 + 1

AF=Assured Forwording (4 classes and 3 values) 96
VLAN 760 doesn’t
transit through port 2
760
VLAN 760 exits through

port 2 untagged

port 2 with tag 760

port 2, with the same tag it
has at input (unmodified)
VLAN tag given to

untagged packet
VLAN map (level 2)
Port 1 Port 2 Port 3 RadioPor 97
AL plus and ALC plus
t
Copyright Siae Microelettronica S.p.a.
VLAN management Not assigned
Example of VLAN list: VLAN tag of input

packet is not included, see Virtual LAN card in
“LAN-x” [x = 1, 2, 3]
98
LAN settings: Interface
Port status Cable:

In ALCplus the straight or
bitrate of each port
can be set crossed
Flow control
LAN Speed
LLF LAN status

status
99
LAN settings: Virtual LAN Tag added to
untagged frame if
output is tagged
Disable 802.1q: no Tag

filter, “LAN per port” rules
Fallback: if input is tagged, Untagged frame in output:
Virtual LAN map rules
will be followed; if input tag Unmodified, Tagged, Untagged
is not present in the map or
input is untagged, Lan per
port rules will be followed
Secure: if input is tagged,
Virtual LAN map rules
will be followed; if input tag Output ports of packets in input at LAN1
is not present in the map or
input is untagged, packets
will be dropped
100
LAN settings: Priority
How to manage input priority:

-Disable (No check): forcing of
default values
- 802.1p (level 2)
- IpToS (level 3)
- First 802.1p then IpToS
- First IpToS then 802.1p
default Queue and default Priority

added to output if input is without
priority
101
Local LAN1 – Remote LAN1
4 settings:
1) LAN1Internal LOCAL
2) Internal LAN 1 LOCAL
3) Internal  LAN1 REMOTE
4) LAN1  Internal REMOTE
ENABLED
ANY
102
Local LAN2 – Remote LAN2 SEGREGATED!
LAN1, LAN2, LAN3, Internal : Enabled
“LAN per Port” : LAN1Internal, LAN2  Internal, LAN3  Internal, InternalLAN1/2/3
Default Vid(local/remote): LAN1=1/6, LAN2=2/7, LAN3=3/8, Internal=4/5
Ingress Filtering Check: FallBack
Untagged frame Egress mode: LAN1/2/3=Untagged, Internal Port=Tagged
Virtual lan map
Local
Remote
103
Normal operating condition
Rx level on both ODU match values given by

hop calculation.
Rx level accuracy:
 -40 dBm -75 dBm range ± 3dB
 -30 dBm -40 dBm range ± 4dB
104
Faulty condition: alarm notification
A faulty condition is pointed out by
 IDU front panel LEDs:
- FAIL: controller self test failed
- IDU: alarms from LIM and/or RIM
- ODU: alarms from radio transceiver
- REM: any alarm from other end
- TEST: manual operation active
 SCT window:
- Log history area (with alarm correlation)
- Equipment view current alarms (with alarms grouping)
105
Alarms grouping : Current Alarms
106
ALARMS 4
There are two directions of alarms: Tx and Rx
Tx – This line starts in LIM and arrives to output flange: when a situation of
more alarms is occurring, the most significative alarm of them is at the
beginning of Tx chain, all the others after are due to this
Rx – This line starts in output flange and arrives to LIM: when a situation of
more alarms is occurring, the most significative alarm of them is at the
beginning of Rx chain, all the others after should be caused by this
ODU ODU
Rx
Most Significant alarm
RIM RIM
Tx
LIM LIM
107
Synthesis, Local/Remote group
Alarms are divided in groups: the name of the group is
the name of the module where alarms come from, or
the name of a specific characteristic of these alarms
A “Synthesis …” alarm, with the name of relevant
group, is the OR of alarms of that group (AL only).
If an alarm occurs, also relevant LOCAL synthesis
occurs (…while REMOTE synthesis occurs in remote
equipment)
108
Alarms grouping : COMMON
Alarms not related to a specific part of the equipment but
relevant to the link.
Example:
– EOC radio alarm (relevant SCT management)
– Link telemetry fail (relevant traffic, ATPC info, man op)
If both alarms are ON, the link is interrupted.

Investigation must be made on a possible condition of bad
propagation, or equipment failure
109
110
Link telemetry fail
No link between Local and Remote station. Traffic is cut.
Link telemetry is inserted in main radio frame in Bit Insertion
circuit inside LIM, and contains commands for the remote
station: switch off the radios on remote side in case of local RF
loop, Link ID, ATPC info.
Telemetry link is a connection between local and remote IDUs.
TEST - if this alarm occurs, a double IDU loop (both branches)
can be done: if this alarm disappears, local IDU is OK and the
problem is after (propagation, local radios, remote equipment).
111
Communication Radio EOC Data link
No link between Local and Remote station or wrong

port address configuration.
EOC is the channel involved in management
communication.
If EOC radio link is active:
- Traffic is OK
- Management is cut (no remote)
112
Communication 2Mb EOC Data link
No EOC channel is present on selected tributary in selected timeslot : wrong
port address configuration or no tributary input (LOS).EOC is the channel
involved in management communication.
If EOC 2Mb link is active:
- Management is cut (no remote)
- If relative LOS is active,
traffic on that tributary is out
113
PRBS Fail
When PRBS is working and no signal is received on checked
signal, in PRBS window the field Sync Los Alarm is active
together with PRBS Fail in Current alarms window
Every ON-OFF transition

increases the field
PRBS Fail Alarm Counter
114
Revertive
When a branch is declared preferential,

the switch on opposite branch gives
Revertive alarm.
The return to preferential branch, when
available again, happens after “Wait Time”
period.
115
2Mb/s G.704 (Trib.x)
Radio Fail/AIS and/or Line Fail/AIS
When management messages come via tributary
timeslot, further checks are performed on both
directions of used tributary
116
Tx Fail
When on remote side both radios don’t receive, on local
side a Tx switch command is performed and Tx fail alarm
is enabled.
When this alarm is on,
check local ODU in stand by
This functionality is enabled
in LCT – General Preset
The alarm remains active
until Reset is given
117
Link ID
Alarm is on if Link ID check is enabled (Link ID  0)
and remote Link ID is different from the local one.
Traffic is cut but signal is received and measured.
Output = AIS
This alarm
causes:
118
Alarms grouping : LIM
These alarms come from
 External fault: tributary LOS
 LIM failure:
-Multiplexer/demultiplexer failure
-Modulator/demodulator failure
Warning: modulator/demodulator
circuitry is spread into LIM and RIM
modules.
 RIM or ODU alarms propagation
(seen in LIM as Baseband RX alarm)
119
120
Tributary-1 Signal loss Tx
Loss Of Signal alarm is active when a situation opposite to that

foreseen by configuration is performed on tributary interface:
No input or
or
cable disconnected
TRIB. STATUS
Tributary
connected
121
Multiplexer fail Tx
The alarm is given during multiplexing of input tributaries by

 Overflow stuffing memories
Overflow is due to bad clock of one tributary (too fast: >+50ppm)
or hardware failure
In case of Multiplexer Fail the signal forwarded to the radio is
N x AIS (from all the N tributaries)
122
Branch-x Modulator Fail Tx
This alarm is active when at cable interface Tx IF

modulated signal (330 MHz) is missing or is under a
certain value; this is due to:
 Modulator faulty
 Cable IDU-ODU open (that produces high VSWR
value)
Traffic is cut
123
Branch-x ODU-IDU
Communication fail
This alarm occurs when on carrier used to receive
information from ODU, or remote commands from other side,
are detected:
 CRC errors
 Loss of frame
This carrier is separated from carrier used for opposite

direction (IDUODU) and from TX or RX carriers
124
Branch-x Demodulator Fail Rx
This alarm is active when average deviation of symbol
recognition is higher of a certain level.
Every problem in constellation gives Demodulator alarm:
 Problem of digital conversion of received signal from RIM
 I or Q signal missing
 High level of interference (bad quality but good Rx level)
 No Rx IF modulated signal (140 MHz) from ODU (no Rx, ODU
faulty, IDU/ODU cable open) Branch Rx quality alarm
(software settable)
Demodulator alarm causes:
Rx quality alarms (HBER, LBER, EWL)
Rx signal alarms (BaseBand Rx)
Traffic is cut 125
Branch-x BaseBand Rx Rx
This alarm is active when
 Bit Extraction does not work (in LIM)
 Demodulator does not work (in LIM)
 Demodulator does not receive from RIM or ODU
BaseBand Rx causes:
Demultiplexer Fail
Traffic is cut
126
Demultiplexer Fail Rx
The alarm is given during demultiplexing by:

 Frame Alignment Word not recognised (LOF - loss of frame)
 Overflow destuffing memories
 Overflow memories of hitless Rx switch
 BaseBand Rx alarm
In case of Demultiplexer Fail, output is AIS (from all the

tributaries)
127
Alarms grouping : NODE
128
Node (1 or 2) Signal Loss Alarm
NBUS cable, connecting different Nodal IDU of the same node, is

missing
IF IDU is a “no Nodal” unit, alarm is disabled
NBUS cable F03471*, despite RJ45 connector, is not an Ethernet
cable
*Siae code
129
Node (1 or 2) Signal Lof Alarm
The FAW, Frame Alignement Word in the signal on NBUS
connection, has not been recognized
130
Node (1 or 2) MsAIS Alarm
The payload in the frames of the signal in NBUS connection
does not contain the 126 E1 streams but AIS signal: a LOS
or LOF alarm is present in another NBUS connection.
(Not active at the moment)
131
Node (1 or 2) Check Alarm
The Nodal IDUs connected through NBUS cable don’t have the
same Identifier. Identifier is not modifieble by the user
1 2 Correct node setup

1 2
1 2 1 2 2 1
2 units node 3 units node
132
Alarms grouping : SETS
133
BaseBand Sets STM1 (T0) Drift Alarm
Drift: clock frequency is out of range
134
BaseBand Sets STM1 (T0) LTI Alarm
The input the clock

LTI: Loss of Timing Input is extracted from, is
missing
135
BaseBand Sets T4 Fail alarm
Sync output: T4 synchronismous generation is

not available
BaseBand Sets T0 Fail alarm
Sync input: no synchronismous source (in input)

is available or without problem
136
Alarms grouping : SNTP
(Not active at the moment)
137
Alarms grouping : STM1
138
What to STM-1
do with a STM1
line sideline side alarm:
alarms
 STM-1 Los: loss of signal (no input), AIS is inserted on tributary lines (Tx).
 STM-1 Lof: loss of frame (failed recognition of A1,A2). Perform a STM-1 loop
and if alarm persists, replace LIM (Tx).
 STM-1 J0 Trace Identifier Mismatch: J0 received is not the expected one. AIS
inserted on VC12. Check configuration and network (Tx).
In case of: LOS, LOF, J0 TIM
then:
- MS AIS signal is inserted on MSOH and on Payload
- Local restart is enabled
 STM-1 B2 Signal Degraded: BER on MSOH B2 is higher than configured

threshold. Check the network.
 STM-1 B2 Excessive BER: HBER on MSOH B2. Check the network
 STM-1 MsAIS: AIS detected in input. Check the network. External fault.
 STM-1 MsRDI: K2 carries Remote Defect Indication in input from remote ADM.
External fault.
 STM-1 Qecc: ECC interrupted line side. Check radio link and IP addresses
settings.
92
139
Alarms grouping : RIM
 External fault: demodulator fail alarm and
ODU alarm are generated when ODU
becomes faulty
 RIM failure: PSU alarm with cable
open/short alarm or modulator/demodulator
alarms are active
Warning: modulator/demodulator circuitry is
spread into LIM and RIM modules.
140
141
Branch-1 Power Supply
This alarm is active when the PSU (Power Supply Unit) of one
RIM is switched off or is in failure condition
If the PSU is off, all the alarms of that RIM are activated:
this alarm causes all
Rx Branch-1 alarms
except those relevant
Radio1 (is OFF)
Analysis order is:
RT
All alarmed PSU
from now on
IDU
142
Branch-1 Cable open/short
This alarm is active when the following situations occur:
- Cable open alarm  no current through cable interface: ODU is not
supplied… so situation looks like PSU alarm (Rx alarms) with cable alarm
instead PSU alarm
- Cable short alarm  overcurrent/low voltage through cable interface
If both alarms are

active, 48 V source
has no enough current
Caused by high VSWR

value of damaged cable
Cable open
situation
143
Alarms grouping : RT
 External fault: Rx power low alarm is
generated because of bad propagation
or by remote terminal faulty
 ODU failure: PSU fail alarm or RF
VCO alarm or RF IF alarm is activated
144
145
Branch-x IDU-ODU
Communication fail
This alarm occurs in ODU when on carrier used to receive
command from IDU, are detected:
 CRC errors
 Loss of frame
This carrier is separated from carrier used for opposite

direction (ODUIDU) and from TX or RX carriers
146
Branch-1 RT Radio Power Supply
This alarm is active when the Power Supply

section of the radio doesn’t work properly or is in
failure condition (voltage in input out of range).
Depending voltage value, radio can work.
When the under/over voltage is too high, radio is
off and other alarms (cable open) cover this.
147
Branch 1 RT VCO fail Tx & Rx
This alarm occurs when VCO in RF unit is not able

to lock any frequencies.
Every problem in VCO causes alarms in both
directions: RF unit is not able to convert IF Tx in RF
Tx (Tx Power Low alarm) and RF Rx in IF Rx .
In this situation the alarm is active together with Tx
Power Low and all Rx alarms because RF channel
is not locked.
148
Branch 1 RT If fail
This alarm occurs when is not present IF signal
inside ODU. There are two different IF signals but
one alarm only.
IF Tx: the alarm is on with Tx Power Low
IF Rx: the alarm is on with all Rx alarms
When VCO is faulty, RF unit gives a IFRX signal

made up of noise: this is enough to mantain IF fail
alarm off.
149
Branch 1 RT Tx Power Low Tx
This alarm occurs when Tx power is 3 dB under

standard output of ODU-RF unit.
ATPC or manual attenuation do not affect this alarm
that is given by internal failure of the radio.
This alarm can be activated by a manual operation
also: Tx Transmitter off in Radio Branch - Settings
If both Rx Power Low and Tx Power Low are
active, RF unit inside ODU is faulty
150
Branch 1 RT Rx Power Low Rx
This alarm occurs when Rx power is under a

defined threshold
Threshold value can be set for both branches in
range - 40 dBm- 99 dBm in LCT - General preset
The alarm Rx Power Low is a branch alarm and it is
used to drive Rx switch
151
Alarms grouping : UNIT
This group generates alarms when one of the

units, the equipment consists of, is faulty
or does not respond to controller polling:
 Unit fail
 Unit is not responding
 Unit is missing
 Unit hardware mismatch
 Unit software mismatch
152
153
OTHER
ALARMS
154
Performance alarms
Every performance measure can drive the relevant alarm if threshold
is exceeded.
Threshold in sec. relevant 15 minutes alarm
Threshold in sec. relevant 24 hours alarm
Threshold in dB of Rx alarm
alarm counter reset
If 0, alarm 15 minutes
is disabled alarms severity
155
Performance monitoring
15 min.
alarms
24 hours
alarms
m
dB
PRX < -70 dBm 5
-5
>
P RX
R = 15 minutes
156
Performance monitoring
15 min.
alarms
24 hours
alarms
Unavailable
seconds for 16QAM
Practically seconds R = 15 minutes
at 4QAM
157
Recorder : Prx LCT
date time dBm
158
Measures
“ Performances ” is a group of measures, 15 minutes by 15
minutes, day by day, recorded by the equipment itself and
downloaded on the PC.
These measures remain active also with SCT (and PC)
disconnected.
“ Recorder Prx “ is the recording of Rx power on a log file

inside the PC: every time a new value is measured a new
“record” is written inside the log file with info of when (day, hour,
minutes and seconds) and how much (dBm measured).
This recording remains active until SCT is connected to the
equipment.
159
BASEBAND IDU RF
LOOP LOOP LOOP
MOD-DEMOD RF
RIM 1 ODU 1
Branch
BASEBAND
1 AL : available loops
LOOP
Line side data direction:
- towards the equipment that has enabled the loop (baseband, IDU, RF)
- selectable for E1 loop
MD O
M
E - R
D
O F
RIM1 U ODU1 R
ID F
P L
O
L P
O
AS
B P
O
L
D
N
A
B
E
:AL :av ailbe lops
n
o
c
tire
a
d
MX
1 L
E P o
O rd lo
w
tb
e
-s
a
c
ly
n n th
im
u
q
h
1
frE
e
s
p l e
b
n
e
s
a ( b
p
lo
th
d RF
U
,ID
d
n
e
s
a )
MU
-D
EX
LIM
E1 LOOP
- only local loops
MUX-DEMUX
Radio side
LIM
LOOPS
160
Line side Radio side
loop:
external PRBS
E1 loop line side : loop works with line

enabled or not
E1 loop radio side : loop works with line
enabled on local side and on remote side
Base Band, IDU, RF loop : loop works if
line used is enabled local side and on
remote side
161
loop:
internal PRBS Alarm OFF: signal is back!
E1 loop line side : …is before PRBS checking point

E1 loop radio side :loop works with line enabled on
remote side, indifferent* on local side.
Base Band, IDU, RF loop : loop works any status of
local* and remote line
__________________________ 162
AL plus and*ALC
PRBS
plus enables automatically
Copyright the S.p.a.
Siae Microelettronica local side of used line
Loop timeout
163

AL PLUS - ALC PLUS Overwiew

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Instructor : Monthien Satantoranin

Line Interface Module: Up to 32xE1, 4x10/100 BaseT + 24E1

Radio Interface Module 1 and 2 (Cable Interface + Power Supply)

Main Controller (Service channels, LCT connection, Alarms IN/OUT)

AL Plus 24E1 +4xEth

AL Plus 1+1 53xE1

ALC Plus Ethernet

1+0 pole mounting

IDU is frequency, capacity and modulation independent

ODU installation (1)

Max length (1/4 inch cable)

Download (to equipment)

Uploaded parameters and *.cfg file are editable using

Both configurations are necessary during first

These parameters cannot be editated.

A button to show the other two radios

Radio parameters to have the traffic working are:

Capacities for selected

LinkIDLOC  LinkIDREM (always)

After Controller unit replacement, the

Below this PRx threshold, remote PTx increases (as

ATPC hysteresis in dB for 16QAM recovery. Default 0dB

Seconds of stable PRx before recover to 16QAM. Default 10sec 48

Adap. Mod now active and with reduced

16/32QAM capacity  4QAM capacity

In case of Hber, Lber, EWL, first CRC correction

RF channel must be set.

ATPC threshold 10-15 dB higher

On  Radio works (48Vdc in the cable)

Sync Los events during test

P.R.B.S replaces the traffic on selected channel

Remote terminal must be

High Speed (311 Mbps) Nodal

Multiple IDUs (up to 3) B

Directly from E1 one side to STM1 on the other side

Directly from E1 one side to STM1 on the other side

3xSTM-1 (1+1 MSP) + 48E1

White: not forced

Enabled selected: sync source

Must be defined in case

AL plus and ALC plus

Rx switch Link alarms (RF input and quality)

Tributary setting: a line can work only if enabled

RF channel (and freq. in MHz)

Ethernet port settings 1 92

802.1p priority parameters

Ethernet port settings 2

AL Ethernet : 16E1 +3xEth

Packet size Life of info in

DifferentialServiceCodePoint values 14 = 1 + 4x3 + 1

VLAN 760 exits through

VLAN 760 exits through

VLAN 760 exits through

VLAN tag given to

Example of VLAN list: VLAN tag of input

Port status Cable:

LLF LAN status

Disable 802.1q: no Tag

How to manage input priority:

default Queue and default Priority

Rx level on both ODU match values given by

If both alarms are ON, the link is interrupted.