Discussion:

Experiment 2
GROUP 2

1. Alvaro, Iverson

2. Bilas, Abegail

3. Canzon, Julian Felipe

4. Escoto, James Andrew

5. Fetizanan, Abijah Glad

6. Legaspi, Rowell David

7. Mercado, Aubrey

8. Sanoria, Camille
PRE-
LABORATORY
REPORT
Role/Participation
Leader: Legaspi, Rowell David G. (Role: To write the pre-laboratory report and the objectives, materials,
reagents, and the schematic diagram of the virtual laboratory experiment)
Members & Their Role:
• Alvaro, Iverson A. (Role: To complete the table of Part A and to write the calculations of Part A)
• Bilas, Abegail A. (Role: To answer #1, #3 and #4 from the question portion of Experiment 2)
• Canzon, Julian Felipe T. (Role: To complete the table of Part B and to write the calculations of Part B)
• Escoto, James Andrew P. (Role: To write the calculations of all the data from the virtual laboratory
experiment)
• Fetizanan, Abijah Glad M. (Role: To complete the table of Part C and to write the calculations of Part
C)
• Mercado, Aubrey D. (Role: To make a schematic diagram on preparation of solutions from solid
reagents, dilution from stock solution and serial dilution)
• Sanoria, Camille T. (Role: To record all the data and results in the virtual laboratory experiment and to
provide the conclusion of the experiment)
SETUP
(Part A)
SETUP
(Part B)
SETUP
(Part C)
 Materials
Part A. • Part B. Part C.
- 3 250 mL Volumetric Flask

- 250 mL Volumetric Flask - 250 mL Volumetric Flask - 250 mL Beaker

- 250 mL Beaker
- Distilled H2O - Distilled H2O
- Distilled H2O - 25 mL Pipette
- Analytical balance/Tap-loading balance
- 25 mL Pipette - Analytical balance/Tap-loading balance
- Weighing paper/weighing boat - Analytical balance/Tap-loading balance
- Weighing paper/weighing boat
- Scoopula - Weighing paper/weighing boat
- Scoopula

- Stopper - Scoopula
- Stopper
- Stopper
- Reagent bottle - Reagent bottle
- Reagent bottle
 Reagents/Solutions
In videos:
• NaCl (Sodium chloride)
• KMnO4 (Potassium permanganate)
• CH3COOH (Acetic acid)
In Calculations:
• Na2CO3 (Sodium carbonate) • Fe(NO3)3 (Iron (III) nitrate)
• Na2SO4 (Sodium peroxocarbonate) • KSCN (Potassium thiocyanate)
• HCl (Hydrochloric acid)
• Na3PO4 (Trisodium phosphate)
• NH3 (Ammonia)
• CuSO4 (Copper sulfate)
• HNO3 (Nitric acid)
• AlCl3 (Aluminum chloride) • HAc (Acetic acid)

• BaCl2 (Barium chloride)

• (NH4)2MoO4 (Ammonium molybdate)

 Calculated weight
Required Required Formula
Solid solute needed to prepare
Volume Concentration weight the solution
Table 1: A. Na2CO3
Na2SO4
0.1 L 1M 106 g/mole
142 g/mole
10.6 g
14.2 g
0.1 L 1M
Preparation of Na3PO4
CuSO4
0.1 L 1M 164 g/mole
159.55 g/mole
16.4 g
15. 955 g
0.1 L 1M
Solution from NaCl
AlCl3
0.1 L 1M 58.43 g/mole
133.35 g/mole
5.843 g
13.335 g
0.1 L 1M
Solid Solute BaCl2 0.1 L 1M 208.23 g/mole
196 g/mole
20.823 g
9.8 g
(NH4)2MoO4 0.1 L 0.5 M
Fe(NO3)3 0.1 L 0.5 M 242 g/mole 12.1 g
KSCN 0.1 L 0.5 M 97 g/mole 4.85 g
 Calculated weight
Required Required Formula
Solid solute needed to prepare
Table 2: Data Volume Concentration weight the solution

for preparation      
of NaCl and NaCl 0.5 L  0.2501 M  58.43 7.304 g 
  g/mole
Mn+2 (video)
     
KMnO4  0.1 L 0.0182 M  158.04 0.2877 g 
g/mole   
 Table 3: B. Preparation of Solution by
Dilution

Calculated volume of stock solution

Liquid Concentration of Stock Required
Required Volume needed to prepare the solution
solute Solution Concentration
HCl 12.1 M 8.26x10-3 L
100 mL or 0.1 L   1M

NH3 14.5 M 2.90x10-3 L

100 mL or 0.1 L 1M

HNO3 15.9 M 6.29x10-3 L

100 mL or 0.1 L 1M

HAc 17.4 M 0.02 L

100 mL or 0.1 L 3M

HCl 12.1 M 0.05 L

100 mL or 0.1 L 6M
 Table 4: Data for preparation of NaCl
(video)

Calculated volume of stock

solution needed to prepare
Liquid Required Concentration of Required the solution
solute Volume Stock Solution Concentration

CH3COOH 100 mL 0.10 M 0.1 M 10 mL or 0.01 L

Table 5: C. Preparation of Solution by
Serial Dilution

Calculated volume
of stock solution
Required Volume of Concentration of needed to prepare
Concentration Solution Stock solution 50 mL solution

       
       
       
       
Table 6: Preparation of Solution by
Serial Dilution (video)

Calculated
Concentration of Volume of stock Volume of concentration of
Stock solution Solution solution resulting solution

       
       
   
   
 Guide Questions and Answers
1. What are the appropriate techniques for preparing chemical solution
• In preparing chemical solutions, it is necessary to dissolve the desired number of moles of solute in enough solvent to
give the desired final volume of solution.

• Calculate solution preparation to know the exact measurement needed for solute. Once done, obtain and measure out
the solute needed using analytical balance. Then, transfer the solute to appropriate size of volumetric flask. Then add
a portion the solvent until the bulb is approximately half full, then swirl to dissolve the solute. After dissolving, add
more solvent until it reaches near the mark on the neck. Use pipette to transfer solvent when it’s near the mark line
until it reaches the lower meniscus.
2. Schematic Diagram
• A. Preparation of chemical solution from solid reagent
Calculate the mass needed for the solution Gently pour the solid reagent. Do not
Place a weighing paper or a weighing boat weigh more than the required amount of
using the molarity formula (M = mol/L).
on a top loading balance or analytical reagent.
  balance and tare it.
 
 
 
 
Use a scapula to scrape off the remaining reagent Use a scapula to scrape off the remaining Gently transfer the weighed reagent into a
on the weighing paper/ weighing boat into the
reagent on the paper into the flask. volumetric flask.
flask.
   
 
   
 

Gently transfer the weighed reagent into a Add distilled water to the flask until half- Put the stopper to the flask, invert, then swirl
volumetric flask. full. at least 15 times to make a homogenous
solution.
 
 
.
 
 

  M= Calculate the concentration, then label.

 
 
 
 
 
 
2. Schematic Diagram
• B. Dilution from concentrated or stock solution

Calculate the volume of stock Transfer a portion of the stock Use a pipette to transfer the stock
solution to be used (V1 = C2V2 / C1). solution into a beaker. solution into a volumetric flask.

   
   

Add water drop wise using a pipette Put the stopper to the flask, invert, Add water into the flask until before
until the lower meniscus reached the then swirl 15 times to make a the marker or the neck.
desired amount. homogenous solution.
 
   
 
   

Put the stopper to the flask, invert,

then swirl at least 15 times to make a
homogenous solution.

 
 
2. Schematic Diagram
• C. Serial dilution

Fill a vial or test tube with 9 mL of Label each vial or test tube with Use a pipette to transfer 1 mL of
diluent (water). their designated dilution factor stock solution into the first
(10-1, 10-2…). vial/test tube (10-1).

   
   

Swirl the vial/test tube to mix the Use a pipette to transfer the 10-1 Swirl the vial/test tube to mix the
diluent and stock solution. diluted solution into the next diluent and stock solution.
vial/test tube (10-2).
   

 
 
 

Repeat the process until the last

vial/test tube.
 
3.What is the advantage of using volumetric flask in the preparation of solution?

•Volumetric flask is more accurate and precise than graduated cylinders,

and Erlenmeyer flasks which are also used to measure liquids. In addition,
the neck of the flask being narrower means that the meniscus can be read
more accurately and has only one calibration mark on the neck. It also
prevents spillage while swirling.
4.Enumerate the glassware and equipment used in the preparation of solution and dilution

• For preparation of solution from • For preparation of solution by • For serial dilution
solid solute: dilution
- 3 250 mL Volumetric Flask
- 250 mL Volumetric Flask
- 250 mL Volumetric Flask
- 250 mL Beaker
- 250 mL Beaker
- Distilled H2O - Distilled H2O
- Distilled H2O
- Analytical balance/Tap-loading - 25 mL Pipette
balance - 25 mL Pipette
- Analytical balance/Tap-loading balance
- Analytical balance/Tap-loading balance
- Weighing paper/weighing boat
- Weighing paper/weighing boat
- Weighing paper/weighing boat
- Scoopula
- Scoopula
- Scoopula
- Stopper - Stopper
- Stopper
- Reagent bottle - Reagent bottle
- Reagent bottle
5. Define the following terms
• Mole – is the SI unit for amount of substance of chemical species and always associated with a
chemical formula and represents Avogadro’s number (6.022x1023) of particles

• Solvent - a substance that dissolves another to form a solution; larger amount of chemical

• Solute – a substance that can be dissolved by the solvent to create a solution; smaller amount
of a chemical

• Solution – is a homogenous mixture of two or more chemicals

• Serial dilution – is a series of sequential dilutions to convert a dense solution into a less
concentrated and more usable concentration.
 CALCULATIONS
Part A. Preparation of Solution from Solid Solute:
 1 M CuSO4 

  1 M Na2CO3     
  1 M Na2SO4  
  1 M Na3PO4                    

  1 M NaCl 
 
     
CuSO4 = 159.55 g/mole NaCl = 58.43g/mole
Na2CO3 = 106 g/mole Na2SO4= 142 g/mole Na3PO4 = 164 g/mole
   
     
   
     
   
     
   
     

 0.5 M KSCN 

  1 M AlCl3  
  1 M BaCl2  
  0.5 M (NH4)2MoO4   
  0.5 M Fe(NO3)3      
   
       
AlCl3 = 133.35 g/mole BaCl2= 208.23 g/mole (NH4)2MnO4 = 196 g/mole Fe(NO3)3  = 242 g/mole KSCN= 97 g/mole
   
       
 
       

 
       
 
     
        
CALCULATIONS
Part B. Preparation of Solution by dilution:
 
1) Given: 1M HCl, 12.1 M Stock solution, 100 mL
 
2) Given: 1M NH3, 14.5 M Stock solution, 100 mL
 
3) Given: 1 M HNO3, 15.9 M Stock solution, 100 mL

Req’d: Volume of concentrated solution Req’d: Volume of concentrated solution Req’d: Volume of concentrated solution
Sol’n: C1 V1 = C2 V2 Sol’n: C1 V1 = C2 V2 Sol’n: C1 V1 = C2 V2

= = =
V1 = 8.26x10-3 L V1 = 6.90x10-3 L V1 = 6.29x10-3 L

 
4) Given: 3 M HAc, 17.4 M Stock solution, 100 mL  
5) Given: 6 M HCl, 12.1 M Stock solution, 100 mL

Req’d: Volume of concentrated solution Req’d: Volume of concentrated solution

Sol’n: C1 V1 = C2 V2 Sol’n: C1 V1 = C2 V2

= =

V1 = 0.02 L V1 = 0.05 L
CALCULATIONS
Part C. Serial Dilution:
CONCLUSION
• - From this experiment, it shows that calculation of the mass of solid solute or the
volume of liquid solute is important for preparing the needed concentration solutions.
It also demonstrates proper technique on how to prepare not only in solid reagents to
solution, but also the stock solution by dilution and serial dilution by calculating the
desired amount of the mass/volume. The molarity and dilution formula are needed for
calculating the volume or solutes needed to obtain the given concentration.
Preparation of solutions is considered as one of the fundamental topics of analytical
chemistry such that it is used in different field of science such as medicine and life
science.
Virtual Lab Experiment (Determination of the pH
Scale by the Method of Successive Dilutions)
1. OBJECTIVES

• - To calculate the concentration 1. MATERIALS /APPARATUS

of a diluted solution from the 3.0L Distilled water
original stock solution to each
different solution. 5 250ml volumetric flasks
25 ml pipette
• - To develop and understand the
2. REAGENTS
idea of logarithmic scales on pH
scale. 100ml 1 M HCl (Hydrochloric Acid)
100ml 1 M NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide)
• - To analyze the changes of
concentration and pH scale by
methods of successive dilutions.
PROCEDURE
•1. Prepare the
materials and wear
protective personal
equipment (PPE)
PROCEDUR
E
2. Fill the five (5)
volumetric flasks
with 20 mL of
distilled H2O
PROCEDUR
E
•3. Add 20 ml of HCl to
the first flask (first
setup) by using a 25 mL
pipette. Shake the
solution gently to make
it homogenous.
PROCEDUR
E
4. Record the
molarity and the
pH level of the
solution.
PROCEDUR
E
5. Withdraw 20 ml
from the first flask
and transfer it to the
second flask (second
setup) with 20mL of
distilled H2O.
PROCEDUR
E
6. Record the
molarity and the
pH level of the
second setup.
 PROCEDURE

7. Repeat the
process of
successive
dilution with
the remaining
setups (3rd to 5th
flasks) and
record all of its
molarity and pH
level
 PROCEDURE

7. Repeat the
process of
successive
dilution with
the remaining
setups (3rd to 5th
flasks) and
record all of
their molarity
and pH level
 PROCEDURE
8. Repeat
the whole
process of
successive
dilution
with NaOH
and record
all of the
result.
 PROCEDURE
9. Repeat the
experiment
process with
10 mL
increments
(both solvent
and solute)
and record all
of the data.
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE VIRTUAL
LAB EXPERIMENT
Add 20 mL of HCl to the Withdraw 20 mL from the
Prepare the materials and Fill the five (5) volumetric first flask (first setup) by first flask and transfer it to
Record the molarity and the the second flash (second
wear protective personal flasks with 20 mL of distilled using a 25 mL pipette. Shake
pH level of the solution setup) with 20mL of distilled
equipment (PPE) H2O the solution gently to make it
homogenous H2O.

Repeat the experiment Repeat the process of

Repeat the whole process of
process with 10 mL successive dilution with the
successive dilution with Record the molarity and the
increments (both solvent and remaining setups (3rd to 5th
NaOH and record all of the pH level of the second setup.
solute) and record all of the flasks) and record all of their
result.
data. molarity and pH level
Part A. Actual results from the virtual laboratory

• Table 1: Data of serial dilution with 20 mL HCl on the vials with 20 mL H2O

results HCl
setup H+ OH- pH pOH
20mL

1st Setup 0.5 M 2.01930-14 M 0.30 13.7

2nd Setup 0.25 M 4.03860-14 M 0.60 13.4
3rd Setup 0.125 M 8.07721-14 M 0.90 13.1
4th Setup 0.0625 M 1.61544-13 M 1.20 12.8
5th Setup 0.03125 M 3.23088-13 M 1.51 12.49
Part A. Actual results from the virtual
laboratory
• Table 2: Data of the serial dilution with 20 mL NaOH on the vials with 20 mL H2O
results NaOH
setup H+ OH- pH pOH
20mL

1st Setup 2.01930-14 M 0.5 M 13.7 0.30

2nd Setup 4.03860-14 M 0.25 M 13.4 0.60
3rd Setup 8.07721-14 M 0.125 M 13.1 0.90
4th Setup 1.61544-13 M 0.0625 M 12.8 1.20
5th Setup 3.23088-13 M 0.03125 M 12.49 1.51
Part A. Actual results from the virtual
laboratory
• Table 2: Data of the serial dilution with 20 mL NaOH on the vials with 20 mL H2O
results NaOH
setup H+ OH- pH pOH
20mL

1st Setup 2.01930-14 M 0.5 M 13.7 0.30

2nd Setup 4.03860-14 M 0.25 M 13.4 0.60
3rd Setup 8.07721-14 M 0.125 M 13.1 0.90
4th Setup 1.61544-13 M 0.0625 M 12.8 1.20
5th Setup 3.23088-13 M 0.03125 M 12.49 1.51

Note: Changing the original stock solution and incremental dilution volumes does not affect the concentration
in successive dilution.
Part B. Results using calculations (given pH and H+)
results HCl
setup
20mL H+ OH- pH pOH

1st Setup 0.5 M 1.99526231−14M 0.30 13.7

2nd Setup 0.25 M 3.98107171-14 M 0.60 13.4

3rd Setup 0.125 M 7.94328235-14 M 0.90 13.1

4th Setup 0.0625 M 1.58489319-13 M 1.20 12.8

5th Setup 0.03125 M 3.23593657-13 M 1.51 12.49

Part B. Results using calculations (given pOH and OH-)

results NaOH
setup
H+ OH- pH pOH
20mL

1st Setup 1.99526231−14M 0.5 M 13.7 0.30

2nd Setup 3.98107171-14 M 0.25 M 13.4 0.60

3rd Setup 7.94328235-14 M 0.125 M 13.1 0.90

4th Setup 1.58489319-13 M 0.0625 M 12.8 1.20

5th Setup 3.23593657-13 M 0.03125 M 12.49 1.51

CALCULATIONS
• pH = -log (H+) or -log (H­3O) pH + pOH = 14
pOH = -log (OH-)
• HCl
Given: pH and H+ concentration
RTF: pOH and OH- concentration
• 1st Setup: pOH = 14-0.30 = 13.7
OH- = 10-13.7 = 1.99526231−14
2nd Setup: pOH = 14-0.60 = 13.4
OH- = 10-13.4 = 3.98107171-14
3rd Setup: pOH = 14-0.90 = 13.1
OH- = 10-13.1 = 7.94328235-14
4th Setup: pOH = 14-1.20 = 12.8
OH- = 10-12.8 = 1.58489319-13
5th Setup: pOH = 14-1.51 = 12.49
OH- = 10-12.49 = 3.23593657-13
NaOH
Given: pH and OH- concentration
RTF: pOH and H+ concentration
1st Setup: pOH = 14-13.7 = 0.30
H+ = 10-13.7 = 1.99526231−14
2nd Setup: pOH = 14-13.4 = 0.60
H+ = 10-13.4 = 3.98107171-14
3rd Setup: pOH = 14-13.1 = 0.90
H+ = 10-13.1 = 7.94328235-14
4th Setup: pOH = 14-12.8 = 1.20
H+ = 10-12.8 = 1.58489319-13
5th Setup: pOH = 14-12.49 = 1.51
H+ = 10-12.49 = 3.23593657-13
Part C. Table 5. Calculated results (only using the given H+)

Set-up HCl
20ml
H+ OH- pH pOH
 
Results

1st Setup 0.5 M 1.99526231−14M 0.30 13.7

2nd Setup 0.25 M 3.98107171-14 M 0.60 13.4
3rd Setup 0.125 M 7.94328235-14 M 0.90 13.1
4th Setup 0.0625 M 1.58489319-13 M 1.20 12.8
5th Setup 0.03125 M 3.23593657-13 M 1.51 12.49
Table 6. Calculated results (only using the
given OH-)
Set-up 20ml NaOH
  H+ OH- pH pOH
Results

1st Setup 1.99526231−14 0.5 M 13.7 0.30

M
2nd Setup 3.98107171-14 0.25 M 13.4 0.60
M
3rd Setup 7.94328235-14 0.125 M 13.1 0.90
M
4th Setup 1.58489319-13 0.0625 M 12.8 1.20
M
5th Setup 3.23593657-13 0.03125 M 12.49 1.51
M
CALCULATIONS (HCl)
• GIVEN: H+ concentrations 2nd Set-up 3rd Setup

• REQ’D: pH, pOH and OH-  pH = -log (0.25)  pH = -log (0.125)

pH = 0.60 pH = 0.90
• 1st Setup:  pH + pOH = 14  pH + pOH = 14
 pH = -log (0.5)
pOH = 14 – 0.60 pOH = 14 – 0.90
pOH = 13.4 pOH = 13.1
• pH = 0.30  [OH- ] = 10-13.4 = 3.98107171-14 M  [OH- ] =10-13.1 = 7.94328235-14 M
 pH + pOH = 14 4th Set-up 5th Set-up
• pOH = 14 – 0.30  pH = -log (0.0625)  pH = -log (0.03125)
pH = 1.20 pH = 1.51
• pOH = 13.7
 pH + pOH = 14  pH + pOH = 14
 [OH- ] = 10-13.7 = 1.99526231−14 M pOH = 14 – 1.20 pOH = 14 – 1.51
pOH = 12.8 pOH = 12.49
 [OH- ] = 10-12.8 = 1.58489319-13 M  [OH- ] = 10-12.49 = 3.23593657-13 M
CALCULATIONS (NaOH)
2nd Set-up 4th Set-up
• GIVEN: OH-concentrations
 pOH = -log (0.25)  pOH = -log (0.0625)
• REQ’D: pH, pOH and H+ pOH = 0.60 pOH = 1.20
• 1st Set-up  pH + pOH = 14  pH + pOH = 14
pH = 14 – 0.60 pH = 14 – 1.20
 pOH = -log (0.5) pH = 13.4 pH = 12.8
• pOH = 0.30  [H+] = 10-13.4 = 3.98107171-14 M  [H+]= 10-12.8 = 1.58489319-13 M
3rd Set-up 5th Set-up
 pH + pOH = 14
 pOH = -log (0.125)  pOH = -log (0.03125)
• pH = 14 – 0.30 pOH = 0.90 pOH = 1.51
• pH = 13.7  pH + pOH = 14  pH + pOH = 14
pH = 14 – 0.90 pH = 14 – 1.51
 [H+] = 10-13.7 = 1.99526231−14 M pH = 13.1 pH = 12.49
 [H+]= 10-13.1 = 7.94328235-14 M  [H+]= 10-12.49 = 3.23593657-13 M
7. CONCLUSION
• Successive dilution or serial dilution is a process used to convert solution into much weaker or having less
concentration. This technique is helpful in obtaining the desired concentration of reagents or chemicals. On the
performed experiment we used HCl (strong acid) and NaOH (strong base) as the stock solution, respectively. The
concentration in each increments decreases in half per successive dilution. Hence, elucidating two-fold serial
dilution. Base from the gathered data, HCl was still acidic after the successive dilution (pH<7). And NaOH was still a
basic solution (pH>7).