Cellular Respiration ch 8

Cellular Respiration
Have you ever wondered why
exactly you need to breathe?  What
happens when you stop breathing?
 Cellular respiration is
the set of the
metabolic reactions
and processes that
take place in the cells
of organisms to
convert biochemical
energy from nutrients
into adenosine
triphosphate (ATP),
and then release
waste products.

Mitochondria!
  

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -->6 CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP

How are they connected?

Heterotrophs
making energy & organic molecules from ingesting organic molecules

glucose + oxygen  carbon + water + energy

dioxide
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
oxidation = exergonic
Autotrophs Where’s
making energy & organic molecules from light energy the ATP?

carbon + water + energy  glucose + oxygen

dioxide
6CO2 + 6H2O + light  C6H12O6 + 6O2
energy
reduction = endergonic
 O2 or no O2

Aerobic Respiration: requires oxygen

(air) (breathing)
Anaerobic Respiration: does not need oxygen
(no air) (breathing)
AEROBIC = with oxygen, occurs in the
presence of oxygen -  in mitochondira
Without oxygen,
another path is
taken ....this path is
called fermentation,
 or 
Anaerobic =
without oxygen,
in cytosol
There are three stages

1.  Glycolysis anaerobic

2.  Kreb's Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

aerobic

3.  Electron Transport Chain

aerobic
 GLYCOLYSIS

can occur without

oxygen

GLYCOLYSIS   =  "glyco - lysis "  is the splitting of a 6

carbon glucose into two pyruvates,  each having 3
carbons

net yield of 2 ATP per glucose molecule

net yield of 2 NADH per glucose molecule
Stage 1: Glycolysis:
• Anaerobic = no O2 needed
• Occurs in cytoplasm
• Occurs in all organisms: prokaryote and eukaryote
• Net of 2ATP
Products:
2 ATP
2 NADH
2 Pyruvic Acids
Stage 1: Glycolysis:
• Anaerobic = no O2 needed
• Occurs in cytoplasm
• Occurs in all organisms: prokaryote and eukaryote
• Net of 2ATP
Products:
2 ATP
2 NADH
2 Pyruvic Acids
 Equation for Cellular Respiration:
oxidation & reduction
• REDOX reactions in respiration
– release energy as breakdown organic molecules
• break C-C bonds
• strip off electrons from C-H bonds by removing H atoms
– C6H12O6  CO2 = the fuel has been oxidized
• electrons attracted to more electronegative atoms
*Need
– in biology, the most electronegative atom? mitochondria
– O2  H2O = oxygen has been reduced and enzymes
to make this
– couple REDOX reactions & happen!
use the released energy to synthesize ATP
oxidation

C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP

reduction or 38
Mitochondria: power house
Label
on your
paper
continued from cell respiration summary

1. What does cellular respiration

produce?
2. Does it need light?
3. What does anaerobic mean?
4. What does aerobic mean?
5. What is the equation for cellular
respirations?
 2. Citric Acid or Krebs Cycle

Hans Krebs
1900-1981

It is not
necessary to
know the
individual steps

- occur ONLY if oxygen is present and the cell has

mitochondria.
- In this stage of cellular respiration, the oxidation of glucose to
CO2 is completed. (this is why we exhale carbon dioxide)
 Pre Krebs: The
pyruvic acid (C3) loses
a C to CO2 and use a H
+
to form NADH and
becomes Acetyl Co-A
(C2).
Simple put: Pyruvate is
converted to Acetly CoA
– releases 2 CO2
– reduces 2 NAD  2
NADH (moves e-)
– produces 2 acetyl CoA
• Acetyl CoA enters
Krebs cycle
 Krebs Cycle Overview

Citric acid

Aerobic
Occurs in the
matrix (inner
compartment)

Products (per
glucose)
2 ATP
6 CO2
8 NADH
2 FADH2. These energy carriers now enter the electron
transport chain (ETC).
 Count the C & electron carriers!
CO2
pyruvate acetyl CoA
3C 2C
NADH
citrate
NADH 4C 6C

4C reduction 6C
This happens of electron
twice for each CO2
carriers
glucose
NADH
molecule
4C x2 5C

FADH2 CO2
4C 4C
ATP NADH
3. Electron Transport System:
Oxidative Phosphorylation: process in which ATP
is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons
from NADH or FADH 2 to O 2 by a series of electron
carriers.

ETC
• As opposed to photophosphorylation….
Does this picture look familiar?

You've seen this before in

photosynthesis.
Products:
Animation of the ETC 
McGraw Hill Animation 34 ATP
McGraw Hill Animation http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072437316/student_v
iew0/chapter9/animations.html
 Coenzyme
NAD Bc complex
Q
dehydrogenase
Coenzyme c

Cytochrome c
FADH
NADH oxidase complex

ADP
ATP synthase

McGraw Hill Animation

 NAD Coenzyme Bc complex
dehydrogenase Q
Coenzyme c

Cytochrome c oxidase
FADH complex
NADH

H2O

ADP
ATP synthase

McGraw Hill Animation

 Coenzyme
NAD Bc complex
Q
dehydrogenase
Coenzyme c

Cytochrome c
FADH
NADH oxidase complex

H2O

ADP
ATP synthase

McGraw Hill Animation

 Breakdown of One Glucose Molecule
Calculations from each:
NADH= 2 or 3 ATP can be made Theoretical
Yield
FADH2= 2 ATP can be made
1. Glycolysis – Produces:
2 ATP 2 NADH
2. Krebs Cycle (including “pre-Kreb’s”) - Produces:
2 ATP 8 NADH 2FADH2
Total: 4ATP 10 NADH 2 FADH2
3. ETC - Produces: x3 x2
30 ATP 4 ATP = 34 ATP
Total: 4ATP + 34 ATP + a grand total of 38 ATP !

For simplicity, however, we look at the theoretical maximum http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7gPtASv0SQ

Chapter menu Resources
yield of ATP per glucose molecule oxidized by aerobic http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0IJMRsTcwcg
respiration. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Determining the exact yield of ATP for aerobic respiration is difficult for
a number of reasons.
- bacteria may differ in their carriers in the ETC
- the number of ATP generated per reduced NADH or FADH2 is not
always a whole number.

For every pair of electrons transported to the electron

transport chain by a molecule of NADH, between 2
and 3 ATP are generated. For each pair of electrons
transferred by FADH2, between 1 and 2 ATP are
generated.

For simplicity, however, we look at the theoretical

maximum yield of ATP per glucose molecule oxidized
by aerobic respiration.
Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

-net yield of 32 or 34 ATP per glucose molecule
- 6 H2O are formed when the electrons unite with O2* at the
end of electron transport chain. 

* We breath because we need oxygen as the final electron

acceptor! The resulting ATP is able to leave the mitochondria
by the ATP transport protein in the membrane. It goes to
wherever it is needed in the cell.

Without
oxygen to
serve as the
final electron
acceptor, the
process
shuts down.
Cell Respiration Lab
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab5/intro.html
 Cellular Respiration Summary

1
4.
2

- Each NADH
23 produces 3 ATP
- Each FADH2
produces 2 ATP

2 6net 2 7net 34 11
8NADH
9
10
 Cellular Respiration Summary

2 NADH
2 FADH2
6 NADH

- Each NADH
2 NADH produces 3 ATP
- Each FADH2
produces 2 ATP

2 ATP

2 ATP net 2 ATP net 34 ATP possible

8 NADH
2 FADH2 Chapter menu Resources

6 CO2 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

What happens if you don’t get enough
oxygen?
Fermentation: use of pyruvate to make
minimal ATP when there is no O2 = anaerobic

This happens when the By products of

Krebs cycle cannot occur fermentation include lactic
due to lack of oxygen acid and alcohol

Lactic Acid in muscle cells

can cause muscle
cramps.
Fermentation
This happens when the
Krebs cycle cannot occur
due to lack of oxygen

Byproducts of
fermentation include lactic
acid and alcohol

Lactic Acid in muscle cells

can cause muscle
cramps.
Two Types:
1. Lactic Acid
Fermentation: in
animals, turns
pyruvate into lactic
acid

2. Alcoholic
Fermentation: in yeast
and bacteria, turns
pyruvate into ethyl
alcohol
 C3 C3
pyruvic acid pyruvic acid
Alc
i d OR oh
A c C0 Fe oli
i c o n 2
rm c
c t a ti en
L a n t 3 Carbon Compound 2 Carbon Compound
tat
e ion
e rm
F NAD+ NADH + H+ NAD+ NADH + H+

Lactic Acid Ethyl Alcohol

If not enough O2 IS present in ANIMALS In anaerobic BACTERIA…

The pyruvic acid is converted to Lactic acid + 2 ATP The pyruvic acid is converted to Lactic acid + 2 ATP
This makes muscles fatigue and get sore. This sours milk and makes yogurt and cheese.

LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION: C6H12O6 2 C3H6O3 + 2 ATP

(Lactic Acid)
OR
In YEAST…
The pyruvic acid is converted to Alcohol +CO2 + 2ATP
This makes alcoholic beverages, also alcohol for alcohol cars.
The baking industry uses the CO2 to make bread rise.

ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION: C6H12O6 2C2H6O + 2CO2 + 2 ATP

(Ethyl Alcohol)
Fermentation
This happens when the
Krebs cycle cannot occur
due to lack of oxygen

Byproducts of
fermentation include lactic
acid and alcohol

Lactic Acid in muscle cells

can cause muscle
cramps.
Fermentation is used in making food
Applications of products and alcohol products. 
fermentation http://www.dnatube.com/video/5784/What-Exactly-is-
Fermentation
 Aka/ Other Vocab:
Oxidative Phosphorylation: (aka ETC of cellular
respirations) process in which ATP is formed as a
result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH
2 to O 2 by a series of electron carriers.

Pre Kreps = Prep Reactions

Kreb Cycle= Citric Acid Cycle Why?
Substrate Level ATPsynthase= glycolysis and Kreb
cycle together
GTP: Guanosine-5'-triphosphate- GTP is involved in
energy transfer within the cell, a GTP molecule is
generated by one of the enzymes in the citric acid cycle.
This is leads to the generation of one molecule of ATP,
since GTP is readily converted to ATP.
Why is it
called the
citric acid
cycle?
Is the Mitochondrial Genome Still Functional?
Evidence of Endosymbiosis:
Mitochondrial genomes are very small and show a great deal of
variation as a result of divergent evolution. Mitochondrial genes
that have been conserved across evolution include rRNA genes,
tRNA genes, and a small number of genes that encode proteins
involved in electron transport and ATP synthesis.
The mitochondrial genome retains similarity to its prokaryotic
ancestor, as does some of the machinery mitochondria use to
synthesize proteins. In fact, mitochondrial rRNAs more closely
resemble bacterial rRNAs than the eukaryotic rRNAs found in
cell cytoplasm. In addition, some of the codons that mitochondria
use to specify amino acids differ from the standard eukaryotic
codons.
Mitochondrial Disease
In school, children with mitochondrial disease often seem to
work in “spurts” and then “peter out,” becoming lethargic and
finding it difficult to concentrate.
It ranges from intermittent difficulty thinking, remembering,
moving and acting, to severe handicaps. Some results may
be fatigue, muscle weakness and diabetes.

What do you think, at the molecular level, is causing these

symptoms?
What are the 3 stages
of cellular respiration?

1. 

2. 

3. 
Food for thought
1. What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

2. Where does cellular respiration occur within the cell?

3. What is the waste product of cellular respiration?

Would you go to
an oxygen bar?
4.  Compare Photosynthesis to Respiration

a.  Where does each occur?

b.   What are the products of each?

c.   What compounds are needed to start the processes?

d.  What is the function of the electron transport chain in each

process

e.  Describe the role of ATPase in both processes. 

          
Photosynthesis – Respiration Cycle
Photophosphorylation vs Oxidative Phosphorylation:
 Cellular Respiration Summary

1
4.
2

- Each NADH
23 produces 3 ATP
- Each FADH2
produces 2 ATP

2 6net 2 7net 34 11
8NADH
9
10
 Cellular Respiration Summary

2 NADH
2 FADH2
6 NADH

- Each NADH
2 NADH produces 3 ATP
- Each FADH2
produces 2 ATP

2 ATP

2 ATP net 2 ATP net 34 ATP possible

8 NADH
2 FADH2
6 CO2
Self Test
1. In order to produce energy, cells start with glycolysis. If oxygen is
NOT present after glycolysis, what process occurs next?

 a) Electron Transport Chain   b) Krebs Cycle   c) Fermentation

2. If oxygen IS present after glycolysis, what process occurs next?

 a) Electron Transport Chain b) Krebs Cycle    c)Fermentation

3. A process that does NOT require oxygen is known as what?

            a) Aerobic           b) Anaerobic
4. In glycolysis, glucose is broken into 2 molecules of
__________________ acid

5.  Where does the Kreb's cycle occur? _________________

6.   What gas is a waste product produced in the Krebs cycle? ____

7.  What enzyme is used in the electron transport chain to
create ATP?
a.  citric acid          b. pyruvate             c. ATPase

8.  Where does glycolyis occur?

a.  cytoplasm              b.  mitochondria          c.  chloroplast

9.  Which process produces the largest amount of ATP?

a.  fermentation          b.  Krebs Cycle            c.   ETC

10.  The oxygen required by cellular respiration is reduced and

becomes part of which molecule?
a.  ATP                b. CO2            c.  H20
The Mystery of the Seven Deaths
Case Study: 
http://sciencecases.lib.buffalo.edu/cs/files/cellular_respiration.pdf

In this case study, students learn about the function of cellular respiration and
the electron transport chain and what happens when that function is impaired.
Students play the role of medical examiner as they analyze the autopsy results
to determine the cause of the mysterious deaths of these seven victims. 

• Explain the overall purpose of cellular respiration.

• Describe the intermediate metabolites of cellular respiration.
• Explain the function and importance of the electron transport chain.
• Describe the role of oxygen in cellular respiration
trophic level: each step in a food chain
or food web, feeding level

Third level Consumer

Secondary Consumers

Primary Consumer

Producer
Tropic levels

• 10% of the energy at one trophic level

is available for organisms at the next
trophic level.
• 90% is used for metabolic activity and
is given off as heat.

Tropic levels clip 60369