Human Development

(Later Embryonic Development)

dr.Isabella Kurnia Liem, MBiomed, PA, PhD

Deswaty Furqonita, MBiomed
Department of Anatomy
 Aims
 Principles of development
 Later embryonic development
(organogenesis)
 Congenital anatomic anomalies or human
birth defects
Principles of Development
16 19 22

24 26 28 32

42 48 52 56
How does a single cell-the fertilized egg-give
rise to a multicellular organism?
Five main developmental processes:
 Cleavage  the division of fertilize egg
 Pattern formation  the emergence of pattern
 Morphogenesis  change in form
 Cell differentiation  cells become structurally
and functionally different
 Growth  the increase in size

Controlled by the genes

How do genes control the development?

 By controlling where and when proteins

are synthesized

 Many thousands of genes are involved

Some representative differentiated
cell types of the vertebrate body
Molecular model for the initiation of the limb
bud in the chick

Developmental Biology 8ed, Gilbert,2006

Later embryonic development
(Organogenesis)
Term of position, direction and planes
of the body
Fetal period characterized by:
rapid body growth and differentiation of tissues and organ systems
Third Week:
Formation of germ layer and early tissue and
organ differentiation

Characterized by:

 appearance of primitive streak

 development of notochord

 differentiation of three germ layer

Gastrulation
22 days
Fourth to Eighth Weeks: Organogenetic Period

 All major external and internal structures are

established.

 The function of most the organs are minimal,

except for the cardiovascular system.

 Exposure of the embryos to teratogens may

cause major congenital anomalies.

Teratogens:
Agents that produce or increase the incidence of congenital anomalies
Mesoderm Derivatives
The major lineages of the mesoderm
median plane horizontal plane
Embryo’s
Folding
Body Cavities, Mesenteries, and
Diaphragm

26 days

28 days
 Three well-defined
cavity during the
fourth week:
A pericardial cavity
 Two pericardioperitoneal
canals
 A peritoneal cavity

Beginning of the fifth week

Subdivision of the primitive
pericardial cavity
Formation of the diaphragm

6 weeks
5 weeks
12 weeks
 Anomaly of the Diaphragm
Congenital
Diaphragmatic
Hernia
(foramen of Bochdalek)

Eventration
of
Diaphragm
The major lineages of the mesoderm
Development of the cardiovascular system

18 days

angioblast

vasculogenesis

hematogenesis
Primordial cardiovascular system
Heart Development

22-35 days
 28 day

32 day 35 day

During the 4th -5th week

8 week
Partitioning of the Primordial Atrium
Fetal vs Neonatal Circulation
Partitioning of the bulbus cordis
and truncus arteriosus
 Cardiac Malformation
--- Tetralogy of Fallot ---
The major lineages of the mesoderm
Differentiation of the somites

Note: The figure is the somites differentiation of the chick embryo

 Subdivision of somite mesoderm

Note: The figure is illustration of the somites differentiation of the chick embryo
Differentiation of the sclerotome
Development of the ribs and sternum
in the thoracic region

somite

Lateral plate
mesoderm
Recombining of the sclerotomes
to form vertebrae
Developing Skeletal System

20 weeks human embryo-Alizarin Red Staining

Differentiation of the Dermamyotome
--- Body wall ---
Differentiation of the Dermamyotome
--- Limb ---
Developing Muscular System
Epaxial and Hypaxial Derivatives of
the myotome
 Limb
Development
 Limb Anomalies
Amelia Polydactyly

Cleft Hand Syndactyly

Rotation of the limbs
The major lineages of the mesoderm
Kidney Development
 Trigone of the the bladder

Extropy of the mesonephric ducts and ureters into the bladder

wall, between week 4 and 6  trigone of the bladder
Sex
Determination
Sex chomosome XX or XY

Y-chromosome

SRY gene for

a testis-determining factor
(TDF)

Testes development

Production of :
Testosteron + AMH or MIS
Internal Genitalia
External Genetalia
Endoderm Derivatives
Development of the Internal Organ
--- Lung Development ---
 Stage of Human Lung Development
 Embryonic (26 days-6 weeks)
 Foregut outpouching 
bronchopulmonary segment
 Pseudoglandular (6-16 weeks)
 16 more generation branching 
terminal bronchioles
 Canalicular (16-28 weeks)
 Terminal bronchioles  2 or more
respiratory bronchioles
 Respiratory vasculature begins to
develop
 Saccular (28-36 weeks)
 Respiratory bronchioles  terminal sacs
(primitive alveoli)
 Alveolar (36 weeks – term)
 Mature alveoli
Development of the Internal Organ
--- The Digestive System ---
 Foregut
--- Development and rotation of stomach ---
 Foregut
--- Liver, biliary apparatus and pancreas ---
 Midgut

Rotation of the midgut

-- 6-12 weeks
Intraperitoneal, Retroperitoneal, and
Secondary Retroperitoneal
Congenital Omphalocele
Congenital Anatomic Anomalies
(Human Birth Defects)
Causes of Congenital Anatomic Anomalies
Critical periods in human development
Transfer across the placental membrane (barrier)
 Genetic Factors
Klinefelter Syndrome Turner Syndrome
(Trisomy of Sex Chromosome, XXY) (Monosomy X Chromosome)
Down Syndrome
(Trisomy autosome 21)
Environmental Factors
 Summary
 To become a multiceluler organism, a fertilized
egg undergoes a continuous developmental
process, which is controlled by the genes.
 Fourth to eighth weeks is a period of the organs
formation (organogenesis period). All major
external and internal structure are established
during this period. Therefore, exposure of
embryo to teratogens may cause major
congenital anomalies.
 Development during the fetal period (nine weeks
to birth) is a period of growth and maturation of
organ systems. Exposure of fetus to teratogens
may cause functional defect and minor
anomalies.
 The cause of congenital anomalies can be
divided into: genetic factors, environmental
factors, and multifactorial inheritance.
 Embryology
 Bridges the gap between prenatal development and
obstetrics, perinatal medicine, pediatrics, and clinical
anatomy.
 Develops knowledge concerning the beginings of
humans life and the changes occurring during
prenatal development.
 Is of practical value in helping to understand the
causes of variations in human structure.
 Illuminates gross anatomy and explains how normal
and abnormal relations develop.