CE 121

Computer Aided Drafting

Lecture 02
Introduction to Engineering Drawings

Semester II, 2019|2020

01 June, 2020 ~ 22 August, 2020
1
05 June, 2020
 Introduction to engineering
drawing
1. Drawing Materials
2. Drawing Preparation
3. Lettering/Numbering, Dimension
& Construction Lines Technique 2
Creating a Drawing

3
Drawing Standards

4
 Standard Sheet Sizes

while in the drawing sheet .. first we have to draw

border lines and title box and then we have to start
drawing 5
1. Drawing Material 6
• Drawing table
– Obtained in various
size.
– Straight and accurate
– The paper is fasten to
the table by using
masking tape or clip
– Made from wood with
laminate finish.
– The surface can easily
scretch by sharp
objects.

7
 •Drawing Board
– Obtained in various size.
– Straight and accurate
– The paper is fasten to
the board by using
masking tape or clip.
– Made from wood

8
.Drawing paper
- Obtained in various
size and thickness
- Size according to
International
standard (A0 to
A4)
- White and cream
are used
- The greatest
preference is for
cream or buff
papers.
- The paper is paste
using masking tape
or clip

9
International Standard Drawing Paper Size

A2
420 X 594mm
16.535” x 23.326”

10
International Standard Drawing Paper Size

a. _____________
b. _____________
c. _____________

j. _____________
k. _____________

d. _____________ l. _____________

e. _____________
f. _____________
g. _____________
h. _____________

m. _____ i. _____________

n. _____ s. A0 .
p. _____
o. _____ q. _____ t. ___________
r. _____
u. ___________

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•Masking tape
To fasten the drawing
paper to the drawing
board or table

12
•T-Square
- Obtained in various
size ( length
accoring to the
paper size).
- Made of wood or
plastic

13
• Tee Square
– Used to draw
horizontal
lines.
– As a base for
the set square
to draw
vertical lines.

14
• Pencils
– Made from wood.
– Leads with clay added to
make eighteen grades.
– Leads are graded
between 9H (the hardest)
to 7B (the softest).

15
 Sharpening the pencils.
– Keep your pencil sharp
– Cutter is used to sharpen
the leads.
– The preferred distance of
sharpen wood 2cm - 3cm.
– Leave about 1cm of lead
extending uncut beyond
the wood
– Leads which are sharp will
produce accurate, clean
and dark lines.
– Pencils of less than 7.5cm
should be used.

16
• Mechanical pencils
– Refill drafting leads and no
wood to sharpen.
– Save time and cost
– Obtain in different sizes and
grades:
• 0.35 mm
• 0.5 mm
• 0.7 mm
• 1.0 mm
- Thin leads produce uniform
width lines without
sharpening.

17
 Drawing set

Divider
Compass

Mechanical
pencil

Eraser
18
• Compass
– Comes in set (with
divider).
– With pencil and inking
attachments.
– Used to draw circles
approximately 25 mm
radius or larger.
– A bow compass is used
to draw small circle.
– Cheep compass have
unstable setting
compare to expensive
one.

19
• Divider
– Used for dividing
distances into
number of equal
parts
– For transferring
distances or for
setting off a series
of equal distance

20
• Eraser
– Made from soft
rubber or vinyl
plastic.
– Used to erase
unwanted lines.

21
• Eraser Shield
– Made from thin
stainless steel.
– Used to protect lines
near the line being
erased.

22
• Feather Duster
– Made from hen or
bird feather or
plastic etc.
– To clean the
drawing paper from
dust or eraser
crumbs.

23
30o x 60o

• Set Square
– Obtained in two
sizes (45O dan 300 X
600).
– Made from
transperent plastic.
– Used to draw
inclined and vertical
lines

24
25
• Adjustable Triangle
– Combination of
protector with triangle.
– Can be adjusted at any
angles.
– Angles can be adjusted
by loosing the locking
nut.
– More expensive than
ordinary set squares.

26
• Protractor
– Made of plastic
– Semi-circular shape
with 180 degree printed
around its curve
– Used to measure or
setting off angles other
than those obtainable
with the triangles.

27
• Circle and Ellipse Template
 They are plastic with a number
of accurate circles cut out.
 They are used to draw circles of
set diameters/sizes.
 Particularly useful if the circle is
small.
 The circle diameter is selected
and a sharp pencil is used to
draw round the cutout circle.
 Ellipse templates are similar
to circle templates and these
are useful for drawing ellipse /
oval shapes accurately.

28
• French Curve
– Made from clear plastic.
– Used to draw curves by finding
the section of curve that matches
the desired shape on the profile
of the curve.
– Some also have either circles or
ellipses of various sizes cut out

29
• Flexi-curve
– A layer of tin
rapped with rubber.
– Used to draw
curves
– Can be formed into
almost any curve
– Useful as they are
simply shaped to
form the desired
curve.

30
• Technical Pen
– Easy to use because of
stainless steel tip.
– Use water soluble ink.
– Can obtain in different
sizes:
• 0.13, 0.18, 0.25,
0.35, 0.50, 0.70,
1.0, 1.40, 2.0 mm
– The ink can be refilled.

31
• Scale Rule
– The code for the scale rule are:
A,B = architecture
C,E = surveying
D    = college
F (former DIN) = mechanical engineering
FN (new DIN) = mechanical engineering
G = mechanical engineering 

– Triangle scale rule can be categorised to:

A =   1:20:25:50:75:100:125
B =   1:100:200:250:300:400:500
C=    1:500:1000:1250:1500:2000:2500
D =   1:20:25:33 1/3:50:75:100
E =   1:25:50:100:200:1440:2880
F =   1: 2,5:5:10:20:50:100
FN = 1:2:5:10:20:50:100
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 INTRODUCTION TO
ENGINEERING DRAWING
2. Drawing Preparation

33
34
Fastening paper to drawing board

35
36
 Paper size A2 – 594 x 420

100mm

Boder Line

10mm all round

Title Block

37
 UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA ,
20 mm PARIT RAJA, BATU PAHAT

10 mm BFC 1013 ENGINEERING DRAWING AND CAD

TITLE:
40 mm GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTION 1

DRWAN BY MOHD FARIS HJ. ADANAN

DATE 16 JANUARI 2007

50 mm
SCALE FULL

CHECKED BY HJ.ADANAN BIN HJ. OTHMAN

DRAWING NO UTHM/ FKAAS/ ED/1/07

40mm 60mm
38
 INTRODUCTION TO
ENGINEERING DRAWING
3. Lettering/Numbering,
Dimension & Construction
Lines Technique
39
• The function of lettering is to give
information such as dimension, title
block, drawing specification, legend etc.

• 2 types of standard lettering: VERTICAL

AND INCLINED LETTERS.

40
Standard Vertical letters

41
Standard Inclined Letters
42
43
• Letter must be uniform
• LUKISAN KEJURUTERAAN

• Use guidelines
• LUKISAN KEJURUTERAAN
• Avoid mixing lettering method.
• LUKISAN KEJURUTERAAN LUkisAN KEjuruTERAAN
• Darkness and thickness of letter lines
• LUKISAN KEJURUTERAAN
• Space between letter
• LUKI SAN KEJ URU TERAAN
• Space between words
• KOLEJ UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI TUN HUSSEIN ONN

44
 Vertical guidelines is drawn at
random (H or 2H pencils)

DRAWING GUIDELINES BEFORE

DRAWING LETTETRS OR NUMBERS
IS A GOOD PRACTICE

Space between letters row is usually 1/3-2/3 the

letter height to full letter height. Letters must be
darker (2B pencil) from guidelines.
45
8-5 mm UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN
MALAYSIA ,
PARIT RAJA, BATU PAHAT
8-5 mm

8-5 mm BFC 1013 ENGINERING DRAWING

10-15 mm

TITLE: 8-5 mm
GEOMETRICAL DRAWING 1

8-5 mm
DRAWN MOHD FARIS HJ.
8-5 mm
ADANAN
DATE 16 JANUARI 2007 8-5 mm

SCALE PENUH 8-5 mm

CHECKED HJ.ADANAN BIN HJ. 46

OTHMAN
47
 INTRODUCTION TO
ENGINEERING DRAWING
3. Lines

48
• Drawing lines – straight or
curves
– Different thickness sizes and different
purposes (BS 308).
• Types of Lines.
– Border Lines
• The thickest (HB & 0.6mm) . For borders
and title block.
– Object Lines.
• Drawn thick, dark, clear and accuratet (HB).
Frame of an object.
49
 Border line
 Border line is the thickest line drawn in any
drawing.
 It is basically used in the layout of the drawing
paper, particularly to draw the borders and
title block on the drawing paper. It can be
drawn using pencil series HB.

Border line

50
 Object Line
 Object line is a clear dark and thick line, which is neatly drawn
normally using pencil series HB.
 It is used to show the visible outlines or edges of an object. The
thickness of the line should be appropriate to both the paper
and drawing size.

51
 Guidelines
 Thin and fine (H-3H). As a starting frame to shape an
object.
 Line can not be seen at distance of 60cm.
If needed not necessary to erase

Guidelines

52
 Hidden Lines
• Broken line, medium thickness. Used to show
edges not visible.

53
Correct Wrong

Correct Wrong 54
Correct Wrong

Correct Wrong 55
Correct Wrong

Correct Wrong 56
Correct Wrong

57
Correct Wrong
Correct Wrong

Correct Wrong
58
 Center Lines
 Center Line is a thin but clear (2H – HB). Two
long dash with short dash at intervals. For axis,
mid and circle center point.

Center Lines

59
 Cutting Planes Lines
• Thick and dark (HB). As an imaginary
sectioning plane of an object.
• Two long dash with two short at intervals
and arrow head at both ends.
• Arrow pointing to the sectioning view of
the object.

60
 Section Lines
 Section Line is a full thin and clear line normally drawn using a pencil series
2H. The line is slanting at 45° angle from horizontal and spaced at equal
distance from one another. Its function is to show surfaces which have been
cut in sectional view.

Section Lines

Copper,
Steel Cast Iron Lead, Zinc,61
Bronze, Brass
Alloys
 Short-break line
 Short-break line is a thick and line normally drawn using a
pencil series HB. This freehand drawn line is used for showing a
short-broken part inside a structure or an object.

Short-break line

62
Long-break line is a clear but thin line normally drawn using a
pencil series 2H. It is a straight line with a freehand drawn zigzag
line. Its function is to show a very long structure or object which
has been cut off or shortened due to the limitation of space to be
drawn on the drawing paper.

Long-
break line

63
Phantom line is a clear but thin line normally drawn using a pencil
series 2H. The line is drawn alternately using a series of a long line
and two short dases. It is used for showing a moving part of an object,
from its original position to a new preferred position.

Phantom line

64
 INTRODUCTION TO
ENGINEERING DRAWING
Dimensioning

65
• To determine the exect object
according to size (metric / imperial)
mentioned in the drawing

• Measurement information is delivered

in a system form such as lines,
symbols, numbers and also fractions
(½”, 1½” etc.).

66
• Working Drawing
– Detailed part or assembly drawing.

– Complete information for construction.

– Shape, dimension and specification

67
Dimension Line/Extension Line

Extension Lines - Used

to extend a point from an
object.

Dimension Lines - used

to show the extent of a
dimension.
68
 Extension line is a thin and
clear line drawn using a pencil 1 mm gap
series 2H. The lines start with a
gap about 1 mm projected
from an object in which the
dimension line is drawn

Dimension line is also a thin and

clear line drawn using a pencil
series 2H. It is used to show
dimension of an object where
the arrowheads at its both end
touch against extension lines

69
Arrow heads
70
Leader line is a clear but thin line normally drawn using a
pencil series 2H. At one end of the line contains an
arrowhead, while a shoulder (a very short line) is placed at
the other end. The line is slanting at any angle, usually at
30°, 45° or 60° from horizontal. The arrowhead usually
touches a line, circle, or any parts of an object where the
dimension should be provided

Leader 71
72
73
74
 Types of dimensions
Basically there are two types of dimensions as
outlined below: -
i. Dimension of size (S)
This type of dimension provides the measurement
of size for objects such as circle, arc, rectangle, and
etc.
ii. Dimension of location (L)
This type of dimension shows the location of a
point, line or an object form; and also their
relationship between each other in a drawing.
75
 L
L

L L

76
• Working Drawing
– Dimension lines should be outside the part outline
– Dimension lines should not cross each other
– Don’t double dimension, no redundant dimensions
– Pick the view that most clearly describes the
feature
– Place dimensions between views when possible
– Dimension to solid lines instead of hidden lines
– Place smallest dimension first, largest farthest from
profile
– Use one dimension system (aligned system)
– Leave a small gap between extension line and
feature (1mm)
– Extension lines do not cross unless unavoidable
77
 Avoid shaded Change direction here
area if possible

Read From
Right
e ft
rL
owe
L
o m
Fr
a d
Re
Read From Bottom

78
Directions of Dimensioning Figures (Aligned System)
Use of center and projection lines in dimensioning

79
Dimension lines should not cross each other

80
81
 Placement of dimensions

Correct Wrong

82
Wrong Wrong Wrong
Correct Wrong

83
 Correct

84
Wrong Wrong
 Leader line
Dimension line
Allowed

Extension line

12Ø

Center ±6mm
line

±3 mm
Minimum
1 mm gap 6mm
Minimum
10 mm

85
Superfluous Dimensions

86