WCDMA Handover Principal

and Analysis

Huawei Confidential
 INSTRUCTOR

• Jenny Wang
• Email:jing.wang@huawei.com

2
 Object

Upon completion this

course, you will be able
to:
 The basic definitions of
Handover
 The algorithms of handover
decision
 The handover flow
3
 The parameters of handover
 Chapter 1 Introduction of Handover
Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover
Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
Chapter 4 Blind Handover and
Direct Retry Algorithm

4
 • Why mobile systems
need handover?
It is decided by the characters
of mobile system:
• The mobility of UE
• The mobile system is composed by
cells which the coverage ability is
limited.
• Providing the continuous service in
mobile system is the basic element in
5 QoS.
 The Purpose of Handover

• Providing the continuous service in mobile

system is the basic element in QoS.

• The load balance: sharing the resource

• The hierarchy divided by speed and service:

high efficiency of using resource (Inter-
Freq.) because 3G provide multi services
with different speeds so HO from one freq to
6
other is more efficient.
 The Categories of Handover

• According to the signaling characters:

 Soft handover (softer handover)
 Hard handover

• According to the properties of source

cell and target cell
 Intra-frequency handover
 Inter-frequency handover
 Inter-mode handover (FDD <-> TDD)
 Inter-system handover (UMTS <->
GSM/CDMA2000)

7
• According to the purpose of handover
 The Characters of Different Handovers

Comparison between soft handover and hard

handover:
Item Soft Hard Handover
Handover
The Several One
numbers of max for
RL in active the UE is
set after 3.
handover
Interruption No Yes
during
8
handover
 The Characters of Different Handovers

Comparison between soft handover and softer

 During softer handover, the uplink signaling ar
handover:
e combined in NodeB by maximum ratio combi
nation, but during soft handover they are comb
ined in RNC by selection combination.
 Compare to later one, the maximum ration co
mbination can get more gain. So the performa
nce of maximum ration combination is better.

 Since softer handover is completed in NodeB, i

t do not consume transport resource of Iub.

9
 Soft Handover

RNC

NodeB 1 NodeB 2

10
 Softer Handover

RNC (WFMR)

NodeB

11
 Hard Handover

12
 Three Steps of Handover

• Measurement
 Measurement control
 Measurement
execution and the
Measurement Decision result processing
 The measurement
report
 Mainly accomplished
by UE
• Decision
Execute
 Based on
Measurement
 The application and
distribution of resource
13  Mainly accomplished
 Questions

• The differences among Soft

handover, softer handover
and hard handover
• Typical application scenarios

14
 Summary

• This chapter focus on the purpose of

handovers and the categories of
handover in WCDMA.

15
 Chapter 1 Introduction of Handover
Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover
Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
Chapter 4 Blind Handover and
Direct Retry Algorithm

16
 Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover
Section 1 Measurement control and
measurement report
Section 2 The basic definitions of measurement
Section 3 Intra-frequency measurement event
Section 4 Inter-frequency and
inter-system measurement event
Section 5 UE internal measurement

17
 Measurement Control and Measurement
Report
Measurement Control ：

UE UTRAN

MEASUREMENT CONTROL

Measurement Control, normal case

18
 Measurement Control and Measurement
Report

Measurement rep
ort ：
UE UTRAN

MEASUREMENT REPORT

Measurement report, normal case

19
 Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover
Section 1 Measurement control and
measurement report
Section 2 The basic concepts of measurement
Section 3 Intra-frequency measurement event
Section 4 Inter-frequency and
inter-system measurement event
Section 5 UE Internal Measurement

20
 The Basic Concepts of Measurement

• The measurement values of Handover

 Intra-frequency and inter-frequency:CPICH-RSCP,C
PICH-Ec/N0,Path loss
 Inter-frequency ： CPICH RSCP 、 CPICH Ec/N0(Ha
rd HO)
 Inter-system ： GSM Carrier RSSI ， BSIC Identific
ation ， BSIC Reconfirmation (Hard HO)
 Inter-Mode: between FDD,TDD.

• The reporting methods of measurement

 Periodic reporting
 Event reporting
21
 Measurement Model

parameters parameters

Layer 1 Layer 3
A filtering B filtering C Evaluation D
of reporting
C' criteria

22
 Reporting Criterion

• Reporting Criterion
 Decision formula: for example, 1A event :
 NA 
1.Path
10  LogMLoss
New  W 10  Log   M i   (1  W ) 10  LogM Best  ( R  H 1a / 2),
 i 1 

 NA 
10  LogM New  W 10  Log   M i   (1  W ) 10  LogM Best  ( R  H 1a / 2),
 i 1 
2.Other measurement ：

 Relative threshold, Absolute threshold, Hysteres

23 is, Time to trigger
 Key Parameters

24
 Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover
Section 1 Measurement control and
measurement report
Section 2 The basic definitions of measurement
Section 3 Intra-frequency measurement events
Section 4 Inter-frequency and
inter-system measurement events
Section 5 UE Internal Measurement

25
 Intra-frequency Measurement Events

• All intra-frequency measurement report event

s are identified with 1X :
 1A ， A primary pilot channel enters the reporting ran
ge. When the active set of UE is full, UE stops reporti
ng 1A event;
 1B ， A primary pilot channel leaves the reporting ran
ge;
 1C ， The primary pilot channel in a non active set is
better than the primary pilot channel in an active set;
 1D ， The best cell changes;
 1E ， The measurement value of a primary pilot chan
26 nel exceeds the absolute threshold
 Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover
Section 1 Measurement control and
measurement report
Section 2 The basic definitions of measurement
Section 3 Intra-frequency measurement events
Section 4 Inter-frequency and
inter-system measurement events
Section 5 UE Internal Measurement

27
 Inter-frequency Measurement Events

•Inter-frequency measurement events are

identified with 2X
 2A: The best frequency changes;
 2B: The estimated quality value of the used frequency is
lower than a certain threshold, and that of the non-used
frequency is higher than a certain threshold;
 2C: The estimated quality value of the non-used
frequency is higher than a certain threshold;
 2DThe estimated quality value of the used frequency is
lower than a certain threshold
 2E:The estimated quality value of the non-used
28
frequency is lower than a certain threshold
 Inter-system Measurement Events

• Inter-system measurement events are i

dentified with 3X
 3A:The estimated quality value of the used UTRAN f
requency is lower than a certain threshold, and that
of the other system is higher than a certain threshol
d;
 3B: The estimated quality value of the other system
is lower than a certain threshold ;
 3C: The estimated quality value of the other system
is higher than a certain threshold ;
 3D: The best cell in the other system changes
29
 Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover
Section 1 Measurement control and
measurement report
Section 2 The basic definitions of measurement
Section 3 Intra-frequency measurement events
Section 4 Inter-frequency and
inter-system measurement events
Section 5 UE Internal Measurement

30
 UE Internal Measurement

• UE Internal measurement events are i

dentified with 6X
 6G: The time difference between downlink receivin
g and uplink transmission of the UE is shorter than
an absolute threshold;
 6F: The time difference between downlink receivin
g and uplink transmission of the UE is bigger than
an absolute threshold;

31
 Questions

• How many events are there in intra-

frequency measurement? What are
they?
• How many events are there in UE
internal measurement?
• How many events are there in inter-
frequency measurement? What are
they?

32
 Summary

• This chapter covers intra-frequency

measurement, inter-frequency
measurement, inter-system measurement
and UE internal measurement from their
definitions and application scenarios.

Summary

33
 Chapter 1 Introduction of Handover
Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover
Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
Chapter 4 Blind Handover and
Direct Retry Algorithm

34
 Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
Section 1 Soft Handover
Section 2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover
Section 3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover
Section 4 Inter-system Hard Handover
Section 5 HSDPA Handover
Section 6 Compressed Mode

35
 Brief Introduction of Soft Handover

• Characters of Soft Handover

 During handover, UE has several RLs with different c
ells----active set.
 The handover among different cells which are in sam
e RLS can be softer handover.
• Soft handover:
– Selection combination in uplink
– Maximum combination in downlink
• Softer handover
– Maximum combination in uplink and downlink

36
 Brief Introduction of Soft Handover
• Advantages
 Soft handover gain:
• Multi-Cell gain: Multiple irrelated soft handover branches low the required
margin for fading
• Macro Diversity Combining gain: Gain for the link demodulation of the soft
handover:
 Load balance: Different cells receive the signals from UE in uplink, which can
decrease the transmission power of UE. And UE receive signal from different
cells, which also can decrease the transmission power of base station.
 Decrease the possibility of call drop caused by ping-pong handover.
• Disadvantages
 More resource needed in downlink, especially for the code resource of BE
service.
 Usually, the gain of downlink power is negative.
 When the downlink power from different cells is not balanced, it will bring
side-effect.

37
 Measurement of Soft Handover

• The measurement of soft handover/softer han

dover
 Measurement value ： CPICH RSCP 、 CPICH Ec/N
o 、 Pathloss
 Process of Measurement ： Layer 1 filter, Layer 2 filt
er
 Reporting way
• Periodic reporting
• Event reporting
– Event type ： 1A 、 1B 、 1C 、 1D 、 1F
– UE measures the time difference between CFN and SFN

38
– Reporting rules: trigger condition, Relative threshold, Absolu
te threshold, Hysteresis, Time to trigger
 The Events of Soft Handover Measurement

• Soft/softer handover measurement events

 Intra-frequency events reporting:
• 1A ， A primary pilot channel enters the reporting rang
e. When the active set of UE is full, UE stops reporting
1A event;
• 1B ， A primary pilot channel leaves the reporting rang
e;
• 1C ， The primary pilot channel in a non active set is b
etter than the primary pilot channel in an active set;
• 1D ， The best cell changes;
• 1E ， The measurement value of a primary pilot chann
39 el exceeds the absolute threshold
 The Decision Algorithm of Soft Handover

• Soft/softer handover decision

 1A ， add RL into active set ；
 1B ， Delete RL from active set ；
 1C ， replace cell ；
 1D ， change best cell

40
 The Execution of Soft Handover

• Soft handover execution

 The update principal of measurement control
• Configure the neighbor cells and the parameters
according to best cell
 RLC mode
• AM mode is used for measurement control
• UM mode is used for measurement reporting
 The compensation and restriction of soft hando
ver
• From event reporting to periodic reporting
– Parameters ： the time value for periodic reporting, t
41
he number for reporting times
 Soft Handover Flow (add RL)

• The execution of soft handover (add RL)

42
 Soft Handover Flow (del RL)

• The execution of soft handover (del RL)

43
 Key Parameters

• Relative threshold
 Set 1A, 1B value separately
 1A < 1B ， which makes deleting RL is more difficult,
and it can avoid ping-pong handover
 Usually 1A: 3dB; 1B: 6dB (Reporting Range)
• Time to trigger
 Each event can be set separately
 Usually, 1B>1A ， which makes deleting RL is more
difficult, and it can avoid ping-pong handover
 Usually, 1A: 320ms, 1B: 640ms
• Layer 3 filter coefficient
 Only one value for all intra-frequency measurement
 Sensitive to the delay of event trigger and ping-pong
44 handover
 Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
Section 1 Soft Handover
Section 2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover
Section 3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover
Section 4 Inter-system Hard Handover
Section 5 HSDPA Handover
Section 6 Compressed Mode

45
 The Characters of Intra-frequency Hard
Handover
• Characters
 UE only has one RL with one cell in the process of ha
ndover
 Disconnect UE with the original cell, then hand it over
to target cell
 The working frequency of source cell and target cell a
re same
• Advantages
 Enhance the using efficiency of the OVSF code and h
ardware resource
• Disadvantages
 High call drop possibility because of the intra-frequen
cy interference
• Application scenarios
46
 Without Iur interface between two RNCs or the Iur int
 The Measurement, Decision and Execution of
Intra-frequency Hard Handover

• Measurement
 Similar to soft handover

• Decision
 1D event

• Execution
 UE reports CFN-SFN information
• Synchronization hard handover
• Use the original DOFF value
• Continuous CFN
 UE does not report CFN-SFN information
47
• The hard handover based on timing
 Intra-frequency Hard Handover Flow

• Intra-frequency hard
Target handover
Sourceflow
UE NODEB SRNC
NODEB
1.RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST

2. RADIO LINK SETUP RESPONSE

3.ALCAP establish

4. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION

5. RADIO LINK
FAILURE INDICATION

6. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE

7. RADIO LINK
DELETION REQUEST

8. RADIO LINK
DELETION RESPONSE

9.ALCAP release

48
 Key Parameters

• Handover decision threshold based on BE sp

eed
 UE should do soft handover when the speed of BE se
rvice is less than the threshold.
 UE should do intra-frequency hard handover when th
e speed of BE service is greater than the threshold.
• The parameters about 1D event:
 time to trigger ， hysteresis
 The parameters should be set accord with the Qos

49
 Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
Section 1 Soft Handover
Section 2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover
Section 3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover
Section 4 Inter-system Hard Handover
Section 5 HSDPA Handover
Section 6 Compressed Mode

50
 The Brief Introduction of Inter-frequency
Hard Handover
• Characters
 The working frequency is different after handover
 The compressed mode needed if the UE only has one
receiver
 Usually, the timing re-initiation hard handover is used
for hard handover
• Advantages
 Compare to intra-frequency hard handover, the
success possibility is higher
 The load balance among cells with different
frequencies
 Can realize the reasonable configuration for hierarchy
cells
• Disadvantages
 Compressed mode results in extra radio resource
51 occupied
 The Inter-frequency Hard Handover
Measurement Values and Events

• The Inter-frequency hard handover measurem

ent values
 Measurement values:
• CPICH RSCP 、 CPICH Ec/N0
 Different handover purpose for different measuremen
t type:
• In the edge of carrier coverage: CPICH RSCP
• In the center of carrier coverage: CPICH Ec/No

52
 The Measurement Values and Events of Inter-
frequency Hard Handover
• Measurement reporting
 Periodic reporting
 Event reporting
2A: The best frequency changes;
2B: The estimated quality value of the used frequency i
s lower than a certain threshold, and that of the non-use
d frequency is higher than a certain threshold;
2C: The estimated quality value of the non-used freque
ncy is higher than a certain threshold;
2DThe estimated quality value of the used frequency is
lower than a certain threshold

53
2E:The estimated quality value of the non-used frequen
 Compressed Mode Initiation in Inter-frequen
cy Hard Handover

• Conditions for measurement initiated

 2D event ： can be used to enable the compre
ssed mode to perform inter-frequency measure
ment.
 Enable inter-frequency measurement by movin
g speed estimation algorithm
• Conditions for Measurement stopping
 2F event
 After the best cell is changed, the cell does not
contain inter-frequency neighbor cells.
 Inter-frequency measurement timer expired
 Because the moving speed of UE is changed, t
he inter-frequency handover measurement is st
opped by cell hierarchy algorithm.
54
 Cells Hierarchy Algorithm Based on UE
Moving Speed

• When UE is in one of the hierarchy cells, the

moving speed estimation algorithm is initiate
d
 Handover events in a while decides whether the spee
d of UE satisfies the current cell hierarchy condition
• UE is remained in the current cell if the speed is mediu
m.
• If the speed is very high, it will be handed over to highe
r hierarchy cell. And if not, hand it over to lower hierar
chy cell.
 UE’s moving speed decided the result.
• If the hierarchy is configured by different frequencies, t
he inter-frequency blind handover or inter-frequency m
easurement handover can be initiated.
55
• If the hierarchy is configured by one frequency, the intr
 Inter-frequency Hard Handover Decision
Algorithm

• The inter-frequency hard handover decision

 The coverage triggers the handover
• 2B event ：
– the quality in the used frequency is lower than absolute thresh
old, but the quality in another non-used frequency is higher th
an another absolute threshold.
 The load triggers handover
• 2C event ：
– the quality in another frequency is higher than an absolute th
reshold

56
 The Execution of Inter-frequency Hard Handover
• The execution of Inter-frequency hard
handover
 UE report the timing information
• UE with two receivers does not need compressed
mode.
• Synchronization hard handover
• Using the original DOFF
• Continued CFN
 UE does not report timing information
• UE with a single receiver has to initiate compressed
mode
• If the NodeB of target cell is not the same one which
the cells in active set belong to
– the timing re-initiation hard handover
– Re-configure DOFF
– Calculate the CFN according to DOFF
57
• If the NodeB of target cell is the same one which the
cells in active set belong to
 Inter-frequency Hard Handover Flow

• Signaling flow
Target Source
UE NODEB SRNC
NODEB
1.RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST

2. RADIO LINK SETUP RESPONSE

3.ALCAP established

4. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION

5. RADIO LINK
FAILURE INDICATION

6. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE

7. RADIO LINK
DELETION REQUEST

8. RADIO LINK
DELETION RESPONSE

9.ALCAP released

58
 Key Parameters (I)

• Inter-frequency coverage handover

parameters:
 Inter-frequency measurement reporting: periodic
reporting or event reporting
 Inter-frequency measurement values: CPICH Ec/No
or CPICH RSCP
 Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filter coefficient,
delay trigger time and hysteresis
 Inter-frequency initiated and stopped threshold:
Considering the different demands of CPICH Ec/No
and CPICH RSCP for PS domain and CS domain,
59
the different 2D and 2F parameters are configured.
 Key Parameters (II)

• Inter-frequency handover parameters

caused by non-coverage ability
 Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filter coefficient,
delay trigger time and hysteresis
 Inter-frequency handover based on non-coverage ability

60
 Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
Section 1 Soft Handover
Section 2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover
Section 3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover
Section 4 Inter-system Hard Handover
Section 5 HSDPA Handover
Section 6 Compressed Mode

61
 The Brief Introduction of Inter-system Hard
Handover
• Application scenarios
 WCDMA FDD < － >GSM
 WCDMA FDD < － >WCDMA TDD
 WCDMA FDD < － >CDMA2000
• Characters
 Different radio access technology is used after h
andover
 Usually, compressed mode should be used to h
elp the measurement
• Advantages
 For coverage, it can solve the problems from on
e system to another system
 For capacity, it can enhance the utilizing efficien
cy of old equipments(2G->3G)
• Disadvantages
62
 The flow is complicated, and it demands higher
 The Measurement for Inter-system
： Compressed Mode Initiated

• The inter-system measurement (GSM

measurement)
 Measurement type:
• GSM Carrier RSSI
• BSIC Identification
• BSIC Reconfirmation
 The process of measurement: layer 1 filter, layer 3
filter
 Measurement reporting
• Event reporting
63 – 2D Event: initiate GSM measurement
 The Inter-system Hard Handover
Decision Algorithm

• The inter-system hard handover decision

 Inter-system handover caused by coverage
• Event reporting:
– 3A event ： The estimated quality value of the used UTRAN fr
equency is lower than a certain threshold, and that of the othe
r system is higher than a certain threshold .
• Periodic reporting:
– Evaluation ： According to the periodic reported GSM RSSI
measurement value and the BSIC confirming state of target cel
l of GSM system, and meanwhile the UE evaluates the GSM R
SSI of target cell is greater than the absolute threshold, then c
onsider the cell confirmed by BSIC.
64
 The Inter-system Hard Handover
Decision Algorithm

• The inter-system hard handover decision

 Inter-system handover caused by non-coverage
• Event reporting
– 3C event: The estimated quality value of the other system is
higher than a absolute threshold.

65
 Inter-system Handover Flow

• The execution of inter-system handover

UE Node B SRNC CN MSC BSC

1. Relocation
Required 2. Prepare
Handover
3. Handover
Request

4. Handover
Request Ack
5. Prepare
6. Relocation Handover
Command Response
7. DCCH : Handover
from UTRAN Command
8. Handover
Detect

9. Handover Complete

10. Handover
Complete
12. Iu Release 11. Send
Command End
Signal
Request
13. Iu Release
Complete 14. Send End
Signal Response

66
 Key Parameters (I)

• Inter-system handover caused by coverage

parameters
 Inter-system measurement initiated and stopped
threshold: Considering the different demands of
CPICH Ec/No and CPICH RSCP for PS domain and
CS domain, the different 2D and 2F parameters are
configured
 Inter-system measurement values (2D, 2F)
• CPICH Ec/No
• CPICH RSCP
 BSIC confirmed (Optional)
 Inter-system handover caused by coverage
parameters
• configure the GSM RSSI threshold of CS domain and
PS domain separately
67
 Using inter-system frequency quality handover
 Key parameters (II)

• Inter-system handover caused by non-

coverage parameters
 The period of inter-system measurement report
 The decision threshold for inter-system handover:
configure the CS, PS, signaling separately
 Time delay trigger : configure BSIC with
acknowledged and unacknowledged mode
 Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filter coefficient
and hysteresis
 Penalty time

68
 Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
Section 1 Soft Handover
Section 2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover
Section 3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover
Section 4 Inter-system Hard Handover
Section 5 HSDPA Handover
Section 6 Compressed Mode

69
 The Brief Introduction HSDPA Handover

• Application Scope
 Related to the handover between the HS-DSC
H channel of HSDPA
• The service cell update of HSDPA
• HSDPA< － >DCH
• Purpose
 the service which data rate satisfied the thresh
old of HSDPA should use the HSDPA resource
. To realize the maximum traffic volume, the se
rvice cell with HS-DSCH should be the best cell
in the active set.
70
 HSDPA Measurement

• HSDPA handover measurement

 Measurement type: CPICH RSCP 、 CPICH E
c/N0 、 Path loss
 The process of measurement: layer 1 filter coef
ficient and layer 3 filter coefficient
 Measurement reporting
• Periodic reporting
• Event reporting
– Reporting type: 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D
– The event reporting converted to periodic reporting

71
 Service Cell Change Algorithm

• Change the service cell for HS-PDSCH in

active set
 According to 1D event to decide the best cell, and
hand it over to the cell.
 After handover, initiate the timer to forbid the ping-
pong handover
• Change the service cell for HS-PDSCH after
hard handover
 Establish the HSDPA channel in target cell with hard
handover
72
 Establish DCH channel if the target cell can not
 Direct Retry for HSDPA

• Direct retry from R99 cell to R5 cell

 Conditions
• UE in cell 1 requests to establish an BE/streaming
RAB, or
• UE of Cell-FACH state has much BE/streaming data
volume to transfer (Switch channel type from FACH
to HS-DSCH)
• Existing cells: support HSDPA, with same coverage
area
Carrier A Direct retry
 Advantage: CELL2To
R99make full use
CELL 1 of HSDPA
R99 resource
HSDPA
resource
Carrier B CELL A R5

73
 Service Cell Update Flow

74
 Key Parameters

• HSDPA handover protecting timer

 Configure the T-HSDPA to avoid the influence for the
data service caused by the ping-pong handover.
During this period, the service cell for HSDPA can not
be changed.
 The value scope ( 0… 1024) seconds

75
 Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
Section 1 Soft Handover
Section 2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover
Section 3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover
Section 4 Inter-system Hard Handover
Section 5 HSDPA Handover
Section 6 Compressed Mode

76
 The Purpose of Compressed mode

• Purpose ：
 Measure the inter-frequency cell or inter-system
cell under FDD mode
• Cause:
 Downlink compressed:
Since one receiver only can work in one freque
ncy, the UE has to stop working if it is going to
measure the signal from another frequency cell.
To ensure the downlink service unaffected, the r
emained data should be sent in the limited time.
 Uplink compressed
77
 Compressed Mode Sketch Map

• Compressed mode sketch map

One frame
(10 ms) Transmission gap available for
inter-frequency measurements

78
 The realization Methods of Compressed mode
• Realization Methods
 SF/2
• Should use the replace scrambling code
• Advantage: easy to handle for RNC
• Disadvantage: occupied the resource of NodeB, decrease
the utilizing efficiency of OVSF, influenced the coverage
and increased interference caused by the replace
scrambling code.
 rate matching/puncturing
• Decrease the coding redundancy
• Advantage: easy to handle for RNC; the SF 4 can be
used; no influence to utilizing efficiency of OVSF
• Disadvantage: limited to the property of channel coding;
decreased the coding gain
 higher layer scheduling
79
• MAC can restrict TFCS to change the downlink data rate.
 Questions

• What are the differences between soft

handover and softer handover?
• What is compressed mode?
• Draw out the hard handover signaling
flow.

80
 Summary

• This chapter focus on the basic handovers in

WCDMA: soft handover, softer handover,
intra-frequency hard handover, inter-
frequency hard handover and inter-system
hard handover. It also introduced the
application scenarios for these different
handovers

• Meanwhile, compressed mode is introduced in

81
this chapter
 Chapter 1 Introduction of Handover
Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover
Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
Chapter 4 Blind Handover and
Direct Retry Algorithm

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 Application scenarios and Trigger Conditions

• RRC direct retry

 During the initial signaling establishment, the RRC
connection is refused.
• RRC redirection
 The initial signaling is already established, but the
requested cell refused and RRC direct retry is failed.
• RAB direct retry
 The signaling is established successfully, but the
service establishment is failed.
• Blind handover
 Load balanced between inter-frequency cells
 RRC direct retry
 RAB direct retry

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 RRC Direct Retry (I)

• Application scenarios (I)

 Same sector covered by different frequencies

cell1 The UE initial camping

cell
1 2
cell2

3
Signaling process:
1 RRC CONNECTION REQUEST
2 RRC CONNECTION SETUP
3 RRC CONNETION SETUP
COMPLETE

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 RRC Direct Retry (II)

• Application scenarios (II)

 The soft handover area
Soft handover
UE camping area
cell1 first
cell1 cell2

2
1 3
Signaling Process:
1 RRC CONNECTION REQUEST
2 RRC CONNECTION SETUP
3 RRC CONNETION SETUP
COMPLETE

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 RRC Retry Key Parameters

• DRMaxNumber
 The maximum allowed retry times for the direct retr
y module after the initial failure
• CsThreshold.
 When the signal quality of a cell is higher than this t
hreshold, this cell will be included in the direct retry
candidate set.
• MinSignalRequired
 The basic access threshold described in Section 2.
2.8, namely the minimum requirement of the UE for
m the receiving CPICH Ec/No density during norm
al demodulation.
• MaxRelatingTime
 The maximum time that the RACH measurement r
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eport can continue to be used for the direct retry ca
 RRC Redirection

• Application scenarios
 The signaling connection is failed, and RRC retry is
also failed. GSM cell

Inter-freq cell 1’’

Signaling process:
1’ 1 RRC CONNECTION REQUEST
cell1 2 RRC CONNECTION REJECT
2 1’ UE initial the access process
UE camping cell1 1 after cell re-selection
first 1’’ UE initial the access process
in GSM cell after inter-system
cell reselection

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 RRC Direct Retry and Direction

• The trigger condition should be the signaling

permitting failure
 if congestion happed, the RRC connection signaling
is refused.
• Advantages and disadvantages:
 RRC direct retry can ensure the time delay.
 RRC direction is more flexible, and can select to
GSM cell. But the time delay is longer.

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 RAB Direct Retry

• Application scenarios

GSM CELL

UTRAN CELL
1 3
2

Signaling process ：
CN
1 RAB Assignment (from CN)
2 SRNS relocation (to CN)
3 Handover from UTRAN ( Inform UE
access to GSM system)
4 Handover Complete (GSM message)

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 Questions

• What is the difference of RRC direct retry

and RRC redirection?
• What are the trigger conditions for RRC
direct retry and RRC direction?

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 Summary

• This chapter focus on RRC direct retry, RRC

redirection, the application scenarios of RAB
direct retry and blind handover.

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 Thank You

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