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NBME 2 BLOCK 1-4 (With Answers)
NBME 2 BLOCK 1-4 (With Answers)
NBME 2 BLOCK 1-4 (With Answers)
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*Lipopolysacharides(Bacteria)
Note: NF-kB is a transcription Factor that exist in cytoplasm bound to Inhibitory kappa B (IKB)
protein in Inactive form [NF-kB=IKB]
Normally, the Eustachian tube is closed, which helps prevent the inadvertent
contamination of the middle ear space by the normal secretions found in the back of the
nose.
The main indication for thrombolysis is in submassive PE where right ventricular dysfunction can be demonstrated
on echocardiography, and the presence of visible thrombus in the atrium.
In the natural aging process, aortic stenosis often increases afterload
because the left ventricle must overcome the pressure gradient caused
by the calcified and stenotic aortic valve in addition to the blood
pressure in order to eject blood into the aorta
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case control study measures with Odds ratio........a/b/c/d=ad/bc
External Oblique
The external obliques are also a superficial muscle that is found just
laterally to the rectus abdominus. They originate from the external
surfaces of the lower 8 ribs, and insert into the anterior half of the
outer lip of the iliac crest and the aponeurosis of the anterior
abdominal wall.
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100% SPECIFICITY...E
100% SENSITIVITY...C
MOST ACCURATE......D
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h influenza chocolate agar with factor V [NAD] and X [hematin]
Rabis....enveloped RNA SS-
Mechanism
In the kidneys probenecid is filtered at the glomerulus, secreted in the
proximal tubule and reabsorbed in the distal tubule.
most cases of horseshoe kidneys are asymptomatic and discovered upon autopsy
Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that occurs following a Group A
streptococcal infection, (such as strep throat or scarlet fever). Believed to be caused by
antibody cross-reactivity that can involve the heart, joints, skin, and brain, the illness
typically develops two to three weeks after a streptococcal infection.
Acute rheumatic fever commonly appears in children between the ages of 5 and 17,
with only 20% of first-time attacks occurring in adults.
Aschoff bodies are nodules found in the hearts of individuals with rheumatic
fever.Aschoff bodies are areas of inflammation of the connective tissue of the heart, or
focal interstitial inflammation.
In various situations such as infection, insulin demands rise but are
not matched by the failing pancreas. Blood sugars rise, dehydration
ensues, and resistance to the normal effects of insulin increases
further by way of a vicious circle.(A virtuous circle or a vicious circle is
a complex of events that reinforces itself through a feedback loop)
Cyclosporine is a polypeptide of 11 amino acids of fungal origin and is active against helper T cells,
preventing the production of IL-2 via calcineurin inhibition (binds to cyclophilin protein). This agent is used
for induction and maintenance immunosuppression.
Other adverse effects include hyperkalemia, hypomagnesemia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hypertrichosis,
hirsutism, gingival hyperplasia, hyperlipidemia, glucose intolerance, infection, malignancy, and
hyperuricemia. Hypertrichosis and hirsutism can be alleviated by switching from cyclosporine to tacrolimus,
provided the patient is carefully monitored. Multiple drug interactions are possible, primarily with agents
affecting the cytochrome P-450 system
serotonine syndrome with cheese and MAO inhibitors,
Serotonin syndrome most often occurs when two drugs that affect the body's level of serotonin
are taken together at the same time. The drugs cause too much serotonin to be released or to
remain in the brain area.
Drugs of abuse, such as ecstasy and LSD have also been associated with serotonin syndrome
lead poisoning
lead inhibits delta aminolevulenic acid and ferrochelatase leading to
microcytic anemia
The most common foregut cysts, the bronchogenic cyst and the
esophageal duplication representing abnormal budding of the
vertebral and dorsal primitive foregut, respectively, indicating their
common origin from the primitive foregut and close embryologic
relationship