FEE 531: ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS II A (45 HOURS)

 
1. Design of Transmission Lines:
 
Electrical parameters, inductance and capacitance of three phase,
multi-circuit transposed and unequally spaced lines. Mechanical
design, sag and tension calculations.
 
2. Symmetrical Components:
 
Basic theory of symmetrical components. Characteristics of Cyrus Wekesa
transmission lines. Synchronous machines and transformers in Associate Professor
terms of unsymmetrical fault calculations. School of EEE
 
3. Protection: Technical University of Kenya
 
Over current protection (simple & directional). Distance
(impedance) protection. differential protection. Carrier-current
cyrus.wekesa@gmail.com
protection. Earth-fault and sequence protection.
 
4. Over voltage & Insulation Co-ordination:
 
Atmospheric over voltages and introduction to protection against
these. Switching over-voltages. Travelling waves and lightning
over-voltages. Insulation co-ordination and protection against
over-voltages.
 Introduction
A typical power system comprises of the generation, the interface and the
load.

The generations and the loads are distributed throughout the system. As a
result, some interfaces should be provided to transfer the generated powers to
the loads.

Questions
(1). Name the types of generations that you know.

(2). What components form the Interface?

(3). Why are the generations distributed?

(4). Why are the loads distributed?

 Introduction (cont’d)
Bulk Power
Generation System; Supply
Alternatively, a power system Transmission System;

Sub-transmission System;
Distribution System
Deliver Power
Supply to Loads

Question(s): (1). What are the bulk-power voltages in Kenya?

UHVs

Volts

Fig. 1. Basic elements of an electric power system (EHV, HV, MV, LV

mean, respectively, extra-high, high, medium, and low voltage).
 Introduction (cont’d)

Here is some basic classification:

Questions
(1). Comment on the above with respect to a
power system you are familiar with (i.e, Kenya’s).

Underground Cables

Transmission
Overhead lines
 Underground Cables
Cable lines are designed to be placed underground or under water. The conductors
are insulated from one another and surrounded by protective sheath.

Cable lines are more expensive and harder to maintain. They also have capacitance
problem – not suitable for long distance.

Question(s): (1). Where are underground cables suitable?

 Overhead Lines (HV)
• Common voltages in north America: 138, 230, 345, 500, 765 kV;

•Stranded instead of solid conductors are used. Why stranding?

ACSR

Cross section of a steel-reinforced

conductor, 7 steel strands , and 24 aluminum
 Overhead Lines (HV)
•Bundled conductors are used in extra-high voltage lines;

Two or more conductors per phase in close proximity compared

with the spacing between phases.

Spacing of conductors of a bundled-conductor line.

Question(s): Why Bundling?

 Overhead Lines (HV)

Question(s): (1). Discuss the above two line structures.

 HVDC Transmission

Because of the large fixed cost

necessary to convert ac to dc and
then back to ac, dc transmission is
only practical in specialized
applications.

–long distance overhead power

transfer (> 400 miles);

–long underwater cable power

transfer ;

–providing an asynchronous means

of joining different power systems.
 Electrical Characteristics

•Transmission lines are characterized by a series resistance, inductance, and

shunt capacitance per unit length;

•These values determine the power-carrying capacity of the transmission line and
the voltage drop across it at full load.
 Resistance

AC resistance of a conductor is always higher than its DC resistance due to the skin
effect forcing more current flow near the outer surface of the conductor.

The higher the frequency of current, the more noticeable skin effect would be.
 Line Inductance
The series inductance of a transmission line consists of two components:

(i). Internal inductance – due to flux inside a conductor;

(ii). External inductance – due to flux outside the conductor.

Magnetic and Electric

Fields associated with a
2-wire line
Ampere’s Circuital Law
Ampere’s Circuital Law
 Internal Flux Linkage

Exercise: Review Ampere’s Circuital Law

 External Flux Linkage

Total Flux Linkage = Internal Flux Linkage + External Linkage

 Total Inductance

Total Flux Linkage = Internal Flux Linkage + External Linkage

Total Inductance = Inductance due to Internal Flux Linkage

+
Inductance due to External Flux Linkage

Recall
Total Inductance

plus

Question

Show this
 Total Inductance

Geometrical Mean Radius (GMR) of a solid conductor or a strand of radius r is

defined as the fictitious radius r’ having no internal flux linkage but having the
same inductance as the original conductor of radius r.
 GMR and GMD

Let: r1 = r2 = r
Then: GMR1 = GMR2 = r’ = 0.7788r

Loop inductance

D = distance between centers of the conductors, call it geometric mean distance (GMD)

Suppose instead the

conductor is bundled, as
shown:

What is the GMR?

What is the GMD?
 GMR and GMD

What is the GMR?

What is the GMD?
GMD

GMRGo GMRReturn
Questions
(a). How many distances in total for the Go conductor?
(b). How many distances in total for the Return conductor?
(c). How many distances in total between the Go and Return conductors?

We need the geometric means of these distances.

GMR

Analyze
GMR
 GMD

Question: Analyze/Interpret
 Question

Find the GMR of each of the unconventional conductors shown below in terms of
the radius r of an individual strand.

(i) (ii) (iii)