Air Interface-

Modulation
(AI-MOD)

July 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium AI-MOD  1

 AI-MOD
© Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium

All rights reserved. This module, comprising presentation slides with notes,
exercises, projects and Instructor Guide, may not be duplicated in any way
without the express written permission of the Global Wireless Education
Consortium. The information contained herein is for the personal use of the
reader and may not be incorporated in any commercial training materials or
for-profit education programs, books, databases, or any kind of software
without the written permission of the Global Wireless Education Consortium.
Making copies of this module, or any portion, for any purpose other than your
own, is a violation of United States copyright laws.

Trademarked names appear throughout this module. All trademarked names

have been used with the permission of their owners.

July 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium AI-MOD 2

 AI-MOD

 Partial support for this curriculum material

was provided by the National Science Foundation's
Course, Curriculum, and Laboratory Improvement
Program under grant DUE-9972380 and Advanced
Technological Education Program under grant
DUE‑9950039.

 GWEC EDUCATION PARTNERS: This material is

subject to the legal License Agreement signed by your
institution. Please refer to this License Agreement for
restrictions of use.

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 Table of Contents
Overview 5
Learning Objectives 6
Modulation Basics 7
Frequency Modulation for Mobile Radio 11
Summary 28
Contributors 30

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 Overview

 Modulation basics

 Frequency modulation for mobile radio

 Shift keying
 Types and uses
 Constant envelope modulation

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 Learning Objectives

After completing this module you will be able to:

 Explain basic modulation concepts

 Describe frequency modulation for mobile radio
 Explain different types of shift keying and when each
one is used
 Describe constant envelope modulation

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 Modulation
Basics

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 Modulation Concepts

 Modulation
 Input signal is encoded in format suitable for transmission

 Baseband
 The band of frequencies sent to a particular destination
 FM Commercial broadcast bands are centered at about 100
MHz

 Modulation schemes
 Can be used to counter the effects of multipath fading and
time-delay spread

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 Amplitude Modulation

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 Frequency Modulation

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 Frequency
Modulation for
Mobile Radio

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 FM Signaling

A Constant-Amplitude Carrier

A Modulating Signal

Above Below
Center Center
Frequency Frequency
Center Center Center
Frequency Frequency Frequency

Frequency Modulation
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 Shift Keying

 Frequency shift keying

 Amplitude shift keying

 Phase shift keying

 Multilevel shift keying

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 Frequency Shift Keying
F-shift F F+shift

F= Frequency

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 Amplitude Shift Keying

10 1 1 0 1 0 0

Modulator

on off on on off on off off

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 Frequency Shift Keying

10 1 1 0 1 0 0

Modulator

10 1 1 0 1 0 0

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 Phase Shift Keying

1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0

Modulator

1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0

Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Uses

Different Phases to Indicate Bits
o
90

o 1 0 o
180 0

o
270

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 Multilevel Modulation

Modulator

4 Amplitudes
00 01
10
11
4 Frequencies
00 01 10 11

4 Phases
00 01 10 11

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 Constant Envelope
Modulation
 Signal is sent by modulating the phase or frequency of
carrier

 No signal is modulated on the amplitude

 Distortion of carrier amplitude does not affect the signal

 Can be linear or nonlinear in digital mobile systems

 Used for nonlinear modulation in analog mobile

systems

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 Quadrature Phase Shift
Keying Modular Circuit
ODD

X
Carrier

~ +

 /2 X

EVEN

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 Quadrature Phase Shift
Keying Signal Space
01 11
+135 o +45 o

-135 o -45 o

00 10

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 Offset QPSK Modular
Circuit
ODD

~ +

 /2 X

EVEN 

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 Offset QPSK Signal
Space Diagram
01 11
+135 o +45 o

-135 o -45 o

00 10

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 /4-Differential QPSK

ODD

~ +  /4

 /2 X

EVEN

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 Phase Shift Truth Table

sI sQ k

0 0 -3/4

0 1 3/4

1 0 -/4

1 1 /4

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 /4-DQPSK
Signal Space Diagram
(0, 1) (0, 0)

(1, 1) (1, 0)

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 Gaussian Filtered
Minimal Shift Keying
 Used in PCS systems and European GSM cellular
systems
 Variant of binary FSK
 Type of constant envelope FSK
 Carrier signal has high frequency and low frequency
 Signals carry a positive or negative “sense”
 Spectrum density of OQPSK has wider spectral
regrowth of GMSK

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 Summary

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 Summary

 Modulation
 For analog audio voice information to be transferred efficiently
over the air interface

 For data transmission in modems

 To support current radio systems and adapt third generation

technology

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 Industry Contributors
The following companies provided materials and
resource support for this module:
 Agilent Technologies (formerly Hewlett-Packard) (
http://www.educatorscorner.com)
 Ericsson (http://www.ericsson.com)
 Lucent Technologies (http://www.lucent.com)
 Motorola (http://www.motorola.com)
 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. (http://www.telcordia.com)
 Verizon Wireless (formerly AirTouch Cellular) (
http://www.verizonwireless.com)

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 Individual Contributors
The following individuals and their industry or educational
institutions provided materials, resources, and
development input for this module:
 Mr. Ron Koziel
 KnowledgeLink, Inc.
 http://www.knowledgelinkinc.com/

Dr. David Voltmer

 Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
 http://www.rose-hulman.edu/

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