Patterns

of
Developmen
t
S
S T O R Y
P S K A O H L
R B Y OC T S
E V E N T
T P C E OV P A E L
R N O Y
V I V I D
L V RI T CW E I E D
A S V N
N A R R A T E
RG T K O I R S I A
Y MA S N E H T
 S K I L L
Y I GN L E S D FM K P
A L
 skil
l
NAR RAT ION
vivid
event narrat
e
 I. Narration
- the most basic pattern of
development
-describes how, when, and
where an
event or occurrence actually
happened
-used to tell a story or focus on a set of
related events
Components of Narrative Text
1. Logical Actions
- are considered the very movements
within the plot or the narrative that
drive the characters forward, be it
during the dialogue, or within a scene
 Example
It was late spring the last time we saw
Ross. He was standing at the edge of the hill,
and he never so much as looked up even
though we were sure he knew we were there.
There was a bunch of flowers clutched to his
fist, but there really was no reason for him to
be standing there. We knew that Carrie wasn't
coming to see him. But he stood there anyway,
waiting, even as the afternoon sunlight
deepened towards the evening. He must have
been standing there for hours.
 2. Way of Narration
-refers to how the writer presents the
story
-includes the pace by which scenes
are given out
* Having natural progression of time
to the events of the story makes a
good writing.
 Clipped Narration
“He came and talked to us. Then he left the
house and then he drove the car back home.

Paced Narration
“He came and talked to us for a few moments.
He seemed upset, but he managed to get
through all the bad news. Shaking our hands
before he left the house come twilight, he
seemed to feel better now that he had delivered
the news. He waved from the car as he pulled
out of the driveway, narrowly missing the
mailbox again, and drove off to return home.”
 3. Terminology
- places emphasis on the fact that
concepts are critical to the narration

* Writers must choose how to address

terms and which ones they want to
use in order to create an appropriate
setting.
 Concrete Terms
- words that identify things, places,
and events that can be measured and
observed
- terms that have
manifestation in our world
physical
Examples:
spoon, dog, house
 Abstract Terms
- refer to ideas or concepts that
are intangible

Examples:
love, freedom, feminism
 General Terms
- commonly used to denote groups
Example:
furniture
Specific Terms
- refer to an individual component
of the group
Examples:
cabinets, desks, chairs
Concrete: “He was shivering violently
from the cold.”
Abstract: “The joy in the air
was palpable.”
General: “He gave her a piece
of jewelry.”
Specific: “Each green stone had fire in
its facets.”
D E T I L
R EA M H G T N
A LS P D U B I
S E N S O R Y
O N A S O Y D N I
G RCE AT L US
L O O K
Y O E M K A
LN I E OS F C
Q U A L I T
UW L P BAK Y
I H Y T OL Q
R E A L I S T I
CI L U A P R E C M S
T E S I B A T E N
 qualit
y
DE SC R IP T ION
realisti
sensory loo c
k
 II. Description
- the pattern of development which
goes into details about a specific object,
person, or location, in order to firmly
set its appearance

What does it look like?

What are its characteristics?
Characteristics o f Description
• has a clear focus and sense of
purpose

• uses sensory details and precise

words

• presents details in a logical order

 Varieties o f Description
1. Objective Description

- looks into factual and scientific

characteristics of what is being
described as objectively as possible

* The writer stays away from

emotional impressions or responses
and instead, describes the scene as it is.
 Example
The Acer barbatum is a small to medium-sized,
deciduous tree usually ranging from 15 to 25 m.
(50 to 80 ft.) tall when mature. Its bark is light
gray and smooth on younger trees, and it becomes
ridged and furrowed with age. Leaves are
opposite and shallowly to deeply palmately
lobed, with a few blunt teeth but no serrations.
The leaf sinuses are rounded, unlike those of red
maple (Acer rubrum) which are sharply V-shaped.
Also, the sides of terminal leaf lobes are more or
less parallel, while those of red maple are widest
at the base, tapering to the tip.
 2. Subjective Description
-asort of description that the author
would normally use to “paint a picture”
of how he sees a character, or how he
wants the reader to see a character
-also used in a literary discourse when
there is stereotyped image that can be
attributed to a person, place, or an
event.
 Example
My mother had hair so dark
that it looked like a waterfall of ink.
She always kept it in a braid that fell
to her slim waist, and always tied
with a plain black band. The braid of
black slung over her shoulder, the
plaits shining like scales.
M E A N I N
N I E T I N W A F DG O R M
E G C S I
I N F O R M
T F B U N E L S
MS R I K H O A
E L A B O R A T
E
L A N P B U G T
E N L I G H T E
N
T P L N O G I X E
 C O N T R O E R S Y
V RO
T Y N C G I N MO U E B
R T V D A S
 DE F I N I T I O
N controvers
inform
y
 III. D e f i n i t i o n
- explains not just what something
means or is, but also what something
does, what something is used for, what
something looks like, etc
 Varieties o f Definition

1. Scientific Definition

- defines concepts in the most factual

way, which is often used in scientific,
proper, or real world facts
 2. Subjective Definition
-defines the objects in a more personal
way
-usually derived from the author's own
experiences and opinion
-often used by a writer to state
something from the point of view of
the characters or in relation to the
setting
The term could be emphasized by the
following:

1. Characteristics or features
2. Function
3. Effect
4. Origin
 Signal Words for Definition

is defined as means to define

as defined refers to to illustrate

C A T E G O R Y
D AV E S I T O G I R
C N I X Y
E X A M P L E
A T S G N X A R
L E L E I T P OS M
C R I T E R I
I D AAY R L U O E A Q C
I S I N T
I L L U S T R A T I O N
I L M G L K U F A S
T CAI NRHE T O
CLASSIFICATION AND

EXEMPLIFICA
criteria
TION
IV.Classification and Exemplification
Classification

-divides things into groups, classes, or

categories
-organizes ideas into divisions
based on criteria or standards
 Exemplification
-provides examples and illustrations in
order to further clarify or explain the
concept or subject matter
-presents the general statement and
then provides specific and concrete
examples to expound on the main idea
 Signal Words for Classification
another classifie one kind the
d as last
group
anothe final type the first the
r next
kind categor part
y
 Signal Words for Exemplification
after all for instance namely that is
as an in put to be
exampl other another specifi
e words way c
consider in particular specifically to clarify
the
following
for example in short stated to illustrate
differentl
y
 Example
Dogs are domesticated animals that have
been living with humans for generations. Dogs
can be classified in a number of different ways.
For example, they can be classified by breed.
Examples of different breeds include beagles,
basset hounds, poodles and countless others as
defined by the American Kennel Club (AKC).
They can also be classified by their role in the
lives of their masters and the work they do. For
example, a dog might be a family pet, a working
dog, a show dog, or a hunting dog. In many cases,
dogs are defined both by their breed and their role.
For example, a dog could be a beagle that is a
family pet.
S I M I L A R
M A U R D I N R
LL I E S C L A O P
 D I F F E R N C E
F U S R T L E KEN O E I B C
E D S A F T
C H O I C E
A HUW E S DO C Y
R C T I N P
E L E M E N T
M A U L I G T O
EP S E Y NCE BR
COMPARISON AND
CONTRAST
V. Comparison and Contrast
- organizes ideas based on how events,
places, people, things, and concepts
are similar to or different from one
another
a.separately -involves describing one
item first followed by the second item
b.side-by-side -involves discussing
both items based on each point of
 Signal Words for Comparing
also equally in the similarly
same
way
as in a like to compare
similar
fashion
both in likewise
compariso
n
 Signal Words for Contrasting
although despite instead otherwise
and yet even so however still
as even nevertheless the fact
oppos thoug
ed to h remain
s
but in contrast nonetheless unlike
conversely in spite of on the whereas
contrar
y
counter to in the on the yet
meantim other
e hand
 Example
Although I raised Marcee and Obbie from puppies,
they have completely diverse personalities. Obbie is a
six year old, male, toy Pomeranian whereas Marcee is
a one year old, female, Boston terrier. Obbie is small
and soft, unlike Marcee who has bristly hair and is
much bigger. Marcee insists on sleeping on the bed,
under the covers every night. On the other hand, Obbie
will only sleep on the floor, under the bed. Obbie is
tremendously loyal and uptight; however, Marcee is
hyper and friendly to anyone she meets or sees. Around
other dogs, Marcee cowers to the larger dog, yet Obbie
will always stand his ground, never giving up until he
is scolded. Given that they were both treated the same
way all their life, it is hard to believe that they are so
different in everything they do.
E X P L A I N
A X Y L N A P OR C N I
E U D S F L
 C O N S E Q E N C E
O R U N E F C OUS N T S E M
C U Y Q L E
C R I T I C A L
T A R B GI OL U Q C
SEI K C H
C O N N E C T I O N
N A S O R C P I O SI
CNE UT NL AT
R E A S O N
A S N U TO L F FE
DRI CBS
F I S H B O N E
O I T QY H A R S B L
GON A F E
CAUSE AND EFFECT
reason
VI. Cause and Effect
- explains why something happens
or what results a particular event
produces
a. Paragraph empasizing cause

b. Paragraph emphasizing effect

 Signal Words for Cause
as for in view owing to
of (the (the
fact) fact)
because for the inasmuc seeing that
(of the reason h as
fact) that
being that in that one reason since
due to
(the fact
that)
 Signal Words for Effect
accordingly consequently in so that
consequen
ce
as a for so therefore
consequen this
ce reason
as a hence so much thus
result (so)
(of this) that
becaus
e (of
this)
 Effects of Alcohol
Letting alcohol take control over your life has many negative effects on a
person and the people around them. One important effect is the damage you
can do to your body. Drinking can lead to severe illness and even eventual
death; some health consequences to consider might be liver disease, kidney
failure and, for pregnant women, the loss of their unborn child. Another
detriment is that an addiction could lead to drinking and driving; possibly
causing a fatal car accident for either yourself and/or an innocent by stander.
Another concern to consider is the relationships alcohol can destroy. Alcohol
abuse can have very serious affect on a person’s temperament, which can
lead to spousal and even child abuse. Alcohol often is the number one cause
in divorce and spending time in jail. It can also affect relationships outside of
the family; many people have lost life long friends whether it is due to foolish
arguments and behavior or possibly death. Lastly, drinking has negative
effects on self-esteem and rational thinking. People become more self-
centered, develop low self-esteem, doing things or behaving in ways that
they would not normally. They have little or no regard to the outcomes of
what is said or done when they grow reliant on getting that alcohol high. The
negative effects of alcohol abuse are overwhelming when considering the
many consequences that drinkers and the people around them have to deal
with.
~© Racheal Guza 2005~
 Dropping Out
For many teenagers, there are numerous negative factors that can lead them to give
up on their education and drop out of school. The first cause is that many teenagers
lack positive role models in their lives. The lack of an encouraging adult in their lives
can cause them to think negatively about themselves and it does not allow them to
live up to their full potential. Also, the lack of a positive role model can cause them
to get involved with the wrong kind of people and activities. When students get
involved in these types of negative situations, they usually don't focus on school.
This can lead many impressionable young children to give up on their education.
Another factor that cause a student to give up on school is a lack of determination. If
they're not determined to graduate, it can be very difficult for them to stay in school.
Many students find it difficult to stay focused on school when they when they feel
that getting an education is useless. Some students only attend school because they
are forced to and they are not there to further their education. The third and final
factor is peer pressure. Many students give into pure pressure very easily. If the pure
pressure is negative, this can lead them into drugs and alcohol. The drugs and alcohol
can cause them to drop out very easily because that is the only thing that they are
focused on and it can easily ruin a child's life.
~Copyright 2005 Mike Sullivan~
C O N C E R N
O P T E MY N U N H C A
G C L I R S
C A U S E
T UBNDAI Q E X L
C O M S P
 S C I E N T F I C
I YI B FO S
A T C I U N A MI
L C E R T
PROBLEM-
SOLUTION
VII. Problem-Solution

- focuses on either a problem

or solution in a particular
area or situation
Signal Words for Problem-
Solution
but the one
proble solutio
m n is
first, second the one way is
solutio
n
nonetheless one
reason
 Helping New Students Fit In
Coming to a new school is hard, so we should figure
out how to make new students feel welcome. New
students have to fit in with new classmates in an
unfamiliar place with unfamiliar rules. This problem
can make them feel lonely. Instead of just expecting
new students to make all effort, we can help them fit in.
One of us can volunteer to show the new student
around and sit with him or her at lunch. The rest of us
can introduce ourselves, learn the new student’s name,
and share something about our school or ourselves.
Together, let’s make our school a friendlier place to be.
C O N V I N C E
N A S OP N U Y V D C E V
E W I R C
C L A I M
L E R I MN Q A E K M D
C U TR
A R G U M E N T
U QE A GOR L N T D
P M R E
I S
E V I D E N C
E TE A MI S O D I N X E
TEN C Y
F A C T
C I S E T U F
JB D A H G R
PE R S U A S I O
N
fact
 VIII. Persuasion

- convinces readers to agree to

an argument or claim about a
particular topic.
 Signal Words for Emphasizing
a Point
again in to truly
that emphasiz
case e
for indeed to repeat with
this this in
reason mind
in fact
 Signal Words for Concluding
and Summarizing
accordingly consequently in brief inevitably in a
nutshel
l
all in all due to in on therefore
conclusio the
n whole
as a result finally in short since thus
as I in in in to
have any summar essenc sum
said event y e up
Signal Words for Conceding a Point
admittedly it is obviously true
true
that
assuredly needles of course undoubtedly
s to
say
certainly no doubt to be sure unquestionably
granted
 Laughter the Medicine
Laughter is one of the greatest healing devices known to man. Laughter is
powerful and can help people in many different ways. It has the power to
cure something as little as a bad day or to heal the wounds of a terminally ill
person. Laughing has helped create the smile which is the universal sign of
well being. Generally, individuals who do not laugh live miserably and have
unhappy lives. Dr. Robert Holden found out that smiling and laughing
releases endorphins in the brain which gives people a overall happy well
being. Using comedy, many doctors have stimulated the healing process in
manic depressants and fatally ill patients giving them hope and ambition. In
many clinics laughter is being used in replacing anti depressants and
reduces the need for pain killers.(Dr. Gael Crystal). Take comedians for
example, they usually live long and happy lives. Putting a smile on faces and
laughs in souls is what makes life complete. Laughter helps heal people and
brightens spirits for a better and healthier life . Laughing is a sign of joy and
hope and keeps people normal and the world happy. Using the techniques
of laughter and happiness is the best medicine known to man. Laughter is
the universal sign of well being and happiness within health. Laughing
brightens the spirit and heals the mind and body of people who allow it to
overcome them. So try a smile and laugh on for size and live a longer
happier life with loved ones.