MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

BY : GROUP 5
 GROUP 5
NUR JEHAN ZAFIFI SHAHBANI
NUR ADILAH AWATIF AZHAR
NOR ASYIKIN ABU BAKAR
NORLIA ABDUL WAHAB
FAEZAH KASSIM
NURUL HAMIZAH MOHD NASIR
NOR HAZWANI ROSLAN
ZUHAIRIAH ZAINAL ABIDIN
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS ??
   Multiple sclerosis or MS is a disease that affects the
brain and spinal cord resulting in loss of muscle
control, vision, balance, and sensation (such as
numbness).

 With MS, the nerves of the brain and spinal cord are
damaged by one's own immune system. Thus, the
condition is called an autoimmune disease .
 Ia merosakkan saraf dibahagian otak dan spinal cord
yang menyebabkan hilangnya kawalan terhadap otot ,
penglihatan , keseimbangan badan dan sensation .

 Ia menyerang myelin sheath yang bertindak sebagai

selaput di sekeliling axon .

 Terdapat 4 jenis MS :

 Relapsing – Remitting ( RR )
 Primary – Progressive ( PP )

 Secondary – Progressive ( SP )

 Progressive – Relapsing ( PR )
 ETHIOLOGY
 Idiopathic

 Genetics

 Environmental factors

 Infections
 CLINICAL
MANIFESTATION
 Visual disturbances 

 Limb weakness

 Muscle spasm

 Fatigue
COMPLICATIONS
 Depression

 Difficulty of swallowing and thinking

 Osteoporosis

 Pressure sores

 Urinary tract infection

 INVESTIGATION
 MRI ( Magnetic Resonance Imaging )

 Evoked Potential Test

 Lumbar Puncture
 MEDICATION
 Glatiramer Acetate ( Copaxone )
- Vaccines
- To slow down the progression of MS

o Diazepam ( Valium )
- Anticonvulsants
 Muscle spasticity

o Methylprednisolone ( Solu-medrol )
- Corticosteroid hormones
 Eye problem

o Ibuprofen
- Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammantory drugs
 Pain killer
 Oxybutynin ( Ditropan )
 Drugs for bladder

 Bladder dysfunction

o Tadalafil ( Cialis )
 Sexual dysfunction

 For males erectile dysfunction drugs

 For females vaginal gels

o Modafinil ( Provigil )
 CNS drugs

 Fatigue
 THE END ..
THANK YOU ..