Management

(22509)
Micro-project ;
Planning And Controlling
Guided by ; A. S. Sonvalkar

Name of student ; Satish Ramchandra Gaikwad

Introduction:-
• Material handling involves short-distance movement within the
confines of a building or between a building and a transportation
vehicle  It uses a wide range of manual, semi-automated, and
automated equipment and includes consideration of the protection,
storage, and control of materials throughout their manufacturing,
warehousing, distribution, consumption, and disposal. Material
handling can be used to create time and place utility through the
handling, storage, and control of waste, as distinct from
manufacturing, which creates form utility by changing the shape,
form, and makeup of material.
• Material handling plays an important role in manufacturing and
logistics
Almost every item of physical commerce has been transported on a
conveyor or lift truck or other type of material handling equipment in
manufacturing plants, warehouses, and retail stores. While material
handling is usually required as part of every production worker’s job,
over 650,000 people in the U.S. Work as dedicated “material moving
machine operators” and have a median annual wage of $31,530 (May
2012)These operators use material handling equipment to transport
various goods in a variety of industrial settings including moving
construction materials around building sites or moving goods onto
ships.
• Types:
• Manual Handling
• Automated Handling
 Manual Handling:
Manual handling refers to the use of a worker’s
hands to move individual containers by lifting,
lowering, filling, emptying, or carrying them. It
can expose workers to physical dangers that can
lead to injuries: a large percentage of the over
half a million cases of musculoskeletal disorders
reported in the U.S. Each year arise from manual
handling, and often involve strains and sprains
to a person’s lower back, shoulders and upper
limbs.[12]
• Ergonomic improvements can be used to
modify manual handling tasks to reduce injury.
• These improvements can include reconfiguring the task and using
positioning equipment like lift/tilt/turn tables, hoists, balancers, and
manipulators to reduce reaching and bending. The NIOSH (National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) 1991 Revised Lifting
Equation can be used to evaluate manual lifting tasks. Under ideal
circumstances, the maximum recommended weight for manual lifting
to avoid back injuries is 51 lb (23.13 kg). Using the exact conditions of
the lift (height, distance lifted, weight, position of weight relative to
body, asymmetrical lifts, and objects that are difficult to grasp), six
multipliers are used to reduce the maximum recommended weight
for less than ideal lifting tasks.
 Automated Handling:

Industrial robot
• Whenever technically and economically feasible, equipment
can be used to reduce and sometimes replace the need to
manually handle material. Most existing material handling
equipment is only semi-automated because a human
operator is needed for tasks like loading/unloading and
driving that are difficult and/or too costly to fully automate.
• However, ongoing advances in sensing, machine intelligence, and robotics
have made it possible to fully automate an increasing number of handling
tasks.
• A rough guide to
determine how much can
be spent for automated
equipment that would
replace one material
handler is to consider
that, with benefits, the
median moving machine
operator costs a company
$45,432 per year. 
 Production Planning:
Introduction:-
• Production planning is the planning of
 production and manufacturing modules in a company
or industry. It utilizes the resource allocation of activities
of employees, materials and production capacity, in
order to serve different customers
• Different types of production methods, such as single item
manufacturing, batch production, mass production, continuous
production etc. Have their own type of production planning.
Production planning can be combined with production control into
production planning and control, or it can be combined
Production planning is the future of production. It can help in efficient
manu
facturing or setting up of a production site by facilitating required
needs.  A production plan is made periodically for a specific time
period, called the planning horizon. It can comprise the following
activities:
Determination of the required product mix and factory load to satisfy
customers needs
Matching the required level of production to the existing resources.
Scheduling and choosing the actual work to be started in the
manufacturing facility
• Setting up and delivering production orders to production facilities.
In order to develop production plans, the
production planner or production planning
department needs to work closely together
with the marketing department and sales
department. They can provide sales
forecasts, or a listing of customer orders. The
“work is usually selected from a variety of
product types which may require different
resources and serve different customers.
Therefore, the selection must optimize
customer-independent performance
measures such as cycle time and customer-
dependent performance measures such as
on-time delivery.
• A critical factor in production planning is
“the accurate estimation of the productive
capacity of available resources, yet this is
one of the most difficult tasks to perform
well” Production planning should always
take “into account material availability,
resource availability and knowledge of
future demand”
 Types of Production:
Different types of production planning can be applied:
Advanced planning and scheduling
Capacity planning
Master production schedule
Material requirements planning
MRP II
Scheduling
• Workflow
Related kind of planning in organizations
Employee scheduling
Enterprise resource planning
Inventory control
Product planning
Project planning
Process planning, redirects to Computer-aided process planning
Sales and operations planning
• Strategy
 Production Control:
Production control is the activity of controlling the workflow in the production.
It is partly complementary to production planning.
Industrial engineering
Manufacturing process management
Materials management
Operations management
Production engineering
Introduction:-
Control is a function of management which helps to check
errors in order to take corrective actions. This is done to
minimize deviation from standards and ensure that the stated
goals of the organization are achieved in a desired manner.
According to modern concepts, control is a foreseeing action; earlier
concepts of control were only used when errors were detected. Control
in management includes setting standards, measuring actual
performance and taking corrective action In decision making
In 1916, Henri Ford formulated one of the first definitions of control as
it pertains to management:
• Control of an undertaking consists of seeing that everything is being
carried out in accordance with the plan which has been adopted, the
orders which have been given, and the principles which have been
laid down. Its objective is to point out mistakes in order that they
may be rectified and prevented from recurring
According to EFL Brech:
Control is checking current performance against pre-determined
standards contained in the plans, with a view to ensure adequate
progress and satisfactory performance.
According to Harold Koontz:
Controlling is the measurement and correction of performance in order
to make sure that enterprise objectives and the plans devised to attain
them are accomplished.
According to Stafford Beer:
Management is the profession of control.
• Robert J. Mockler presented a more comprehensive definition of
managerial control:
Management control can be defined as a systematic torture by
business management to compare performance to predetermined
standards, plans, or objectives in order to determine whether
performance is in line with these standards and presumably in order to
take any remedial action required to see that human and other
corporate resources are being used in the most effective and efficient
way possible in achieving corporate objectives
• Also control can be defined as ”that function of the system that
adjusts operations as needed to achieve the plan, or to maintain
variations from system objectives within allowable limits”.The control
subsystem functions in close harmony with the operating system. The
degree to which they interact depends on the nature of the operating
system and its objectives
Stability concerns a system’s ability to maintain a pattern of output
without wide fluctuations. Rapidity of response pertains to the speed
with which a system can correct variations and return to expected
output
• A political election can illustrate the concept of control and the
importance of feedback. Each party organizes a campaign to get its
candidate selected and outlines a plan to inform the public about
both the candidate’s credentials and the party’s platform. As the
election nears, opinion polls furnish feedback about the effectiveness
of the campaign and about each candidate’s chances to win.
Depending on the nature of this feedback, certain adjustments in
strategy and/or tactics can be made in an attempt to achieve the
desired result.