PARAMETRIC TEST

Dr.dr.SISWANTO, MSc

FACULTY OF MEDICINE
UNIVERSITY OF BRAWIJAYA

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 PARAMETRIC TEST

Three parameters of the data must be true or are

assumed
1.The data need to be normally distributed (The
observations in each group are normally
distributed)
2.The variance of each group is equal to that of any
group (homogeneity of variances)
3.The data need to be continuous (interval/ratio)
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Parametric tests are more robust and
for the most part require less data to
make a strong conclusion than
nonparametric tests.

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 Independent and dependent t-test

 The sample t-test may be either independent

(unpaired) or dependent (paired).
 If the two samples are independent, there is no
connection between any subject in group 1
and any subject in group 2.
 Independent and dependent t-test

 Paired t-test. In paired t-test, there is a connection

between scores in one group and scores in the other.
 In t-test the scale of independent variable is nominal,
and the scale of dependent variable is numeric
 t-test is used to establish whether a difference occurs
between the means of 2 similar data sets. The t-test
uses the mean, standard deviation, and number of
samples to calculate the test statistic.
Experimental effect on systolic
blood pressure level (mmHg)

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 Anova

Anova is a logical extension of the t

test when we have data from three
or more independent group
It tests whether the means of the
measurement variable are the same
for the different groups.
 Anova

The statistical null hypothesis is that the

means of the measurement variable are the
same for the different categories of data; the
alternative hypothesis is that they are not all
the same.
Weight gain (oz) of Rats Fed four different
Brands of cereal

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 Repeated Measures Anova

One - way repeated measures ANOVA. Each

subject is exposed to 3 or more conditions, or
measured on the same continuous scale on
three or more conditions/independent
variables (2 conditions = paired t - test)
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 Correlation and linear regression

 Differences between correlation and regression.

The two most common methods used to describe the
relationship between two quantitative variables (x and
y) are linear correlation and linear regression.
The former is a statistic that measure the strength of a
bivariate association; the latter is a prediction
equation that estimates the value of y for any given x.
 When should you use correlation
and when regression ?

Example: We are interested in studying the

relationship between the pregnancy weight of a
group of mothers to their infants birth weights.
How strong is the association between the mothers
weight and her infants birth weight?
The method of choice is to calculate a correlation
coefficient as a measure of the strength of association
between these two variables.
Correlation coefficient , r, is a measure of the
strength of the linear association between two
variables (ratio/interval) x and y.

The correlation coefficient is often referred to as

Pearson’s product-moment r

The test statistic is from -1 to 1, with -1 being a

perfect negative correlation and 1 a perfect positive
correlation.

A positive correlation implies a direct relationship

between the variables, and a negative correlation
implies an inverse relationship
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 When should you use correlation
and when regression ?

 If you ask : what would be an infants predicted birth

weight for a mother possessing a known pre
pregnancy weight ?
 We use linear regression analysis
Pre pregnancy weights of mothers and birth
weights of their infants (based on sample size
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Scatter diagram of infants’ Birth weights
relative to mothers’ pre pregnancy weights

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The correlation between the VDR mRNA
expression and the cathelicidin production in
monocyte (p<0,001, Pearson 0,8) 20
Exercise - Correlation
At the beginning of an introductory engineering course,
10 students were given a pre-test to determine their initial mathematical ability.
The following table lists the student's pre-test score and final grade in the class:
 

Student Course
Pre-Test
Number Grade
1 45 92
2 23 86
3 50 97
4 46 95
5 33 87
6 21 76
7 13 72
8 30 84
9 34 85
10 50 98
 

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 MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION

 Multiple regression is an extension of

simple linear regression into several
dimensions (several independent variables).
In the multiple regression procedure, you
must enter a list of the independent
variables and a single dependent variable on
which you wish to perform the regression
analysis.
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 The general structure of the model:

 Y= β0 + β1x1 + β2x2 + β3x3 + ε

 β0 = Constant

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 The general structure of the model:

 Y= β0 + β1x1 + β2x2 + β3x3 + ε

 Y=118,663-49, 510 (kreatinin serum)
 Y= Bersihan creatinin

 Y= ml/mnt
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APLIKASI ANALISIS
REGRESI
(a) Spesifikasi Model :
(1) Identifikasi variabel Dependen dan Independen :
• Teoritis : ROA sebagai variabel Dependen, lainnya
Independen
(2) Menentukan Spesifikasi Model
• Spesifikasi model sesuai dengan mekanisme
substansi pada bidang yang dikaji (teoritis) :
Diasumsikan semua variabel berhubungan
secara linier dengan ROA
b) Pendugaan Paremater : OLS (software SPSS)
c) Pemeriksaan Asumsi : dilakukan bersamaan dengan
pendugaan parameter (perhitungan analisis regresi)
d) Interpretasi: dapat dilakukan setelah semua asumsi
terpenuhi

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PENDUGAAN PARAMETER
PENDUGAAN PARAMETER
Ekspanasi
1) EKSPLANASI. Koefisien determinasi (R2) = 0.671; artinya kontibusi pengaruh
ITO, QR, DER dan TATO terhadap ROA sebesar 67.1 %. ATAU bila kita
melakukan prediksi ROA berdasarkan ITO, QR, DER dan TATO tingkat
akurasinya 67.1 %
Koefisien regresi parsiil t-test (sig.< 0.05) adalah ITO dan TATO, lainnya
nonsignifikan. Eksplanasi: TATO meningkat maka ROA akan meningkat.

2) PREDIKSI. Uji koefisien secara simultan F-test (sig.  , misal  = 0.05),

bilamana kita melakukan prediksi, maka hasil prediksi tersebut dapat
digeneralisasikan untuk populasi.

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 Eksplanasi

(3) FAKTOR DETERMINAN. Variabel yang berpengaruh paling

kuat terhadap ROA adalah TATO, kemudian ITO.
Koefisien standardize Beta terbesar (mutlak) berarti pengaruhnya
paling kuat, tanda (positif, negatif) menunjukkan arah pengaruh

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 Analisis regresi
 Regresi: upaya mempelajari hubungan antar variabel, dan tidak
pernah mempermasalahkan mengapa hubungan tersebut ada
(atau tidak ada) dan juga apakah hubungan antara Y dengan X
dikarenakan oleh X-nya itu sendiri atau faktor-faktor lain.
– Bilamana variabel yang terlibat lebih dari dua (banyak variabel), di
dalam analisis regresi juga tidak pernah dipermasalahkan struktur
hubungannya, dimana semua variabel penjelas dianggap
berpengaruh langsung terhadap variabel tergantung.

SIKAP
PENOLAKAN

TINGKAT
DENDA KEPATUHAN

PERILAKU
PENOLAKAN
ILUSTRASI 1
SIKAP
PENOLAKAN

TINGKAT
DENDA KEPATUHAN

PERILAKU
PENOLAKAN

Variabel yang mempengaruhi kepatuhan pengemudi kendaraan

bermotor terhadap peraturan lalulintas
 A SI H
MA K
TE RI
. . . . .
U . . .
E YO
SE

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