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Mechanics of Materials: Torsion
Mechanics of Materials: Torsion
Mechanics of Materials: Torsion
CHAPTER MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
3 Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf Torsion
David F. Mazurek
Sanjeev Sanghi
Lecture Notes:
Brock E. Barry
U.S. Military Academy
Sanjeev Sanghi
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Contents
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek • Sanghi
in SI Units
Seventh Edition
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek • Sanghi
in SI Units
Seventh Edition
Fig. 3.24 (a)Free body diagram of section • Unlike the normal stress due to axial loads, the
BC with torque at C represented by the
representable contributions of small elements
distribution of shearing stresses due to torsional
of area carrying forces dF a radius from loads cannot be assumed uniform.
the section center. (b) Free-body diagram
of section BC having all the small area
elements summed resulting in torque T.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
in SI Units
Seventh Edition Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek • Sanghi
Fig. 3.5 Small element in shaft showing how • Conditions of equilibrium require the
shear stress components act.
existence of equal stresses on the faces of the
two planes containing the axis of the shaft.
Shaft Deformations
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
in SI Units
Seventh Edition Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek • Sanghi
Shearing Strain
• It follows that
L or
L
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
in SI Units
Seventh Edition Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek • Sanghi
Normal Stresses
• Elements with faces parallel and perpendicular
to the shaft axis are subjected to shear stresses
only. Normal stresses, shearing stresses or a
Fig. 3.17 Circular shaft with stress elements at combination of both may be found for other
different orientations. orientations.
• Consider an element at 45o to the shaft axis,
F 2 max A0 cos 45 max A0 2
F max A0 2
45o max
A A0 2
Fig. 3.18 Forces on faces at 45° to shaft axis.
• Element a is in pure shear.
• Element c is subjected to a tensile stress on
two faces and compressive stress on the other
two.
• Note that all stresses for elements a and c have
Fig. 3.19 Shaft elements with only shear the same magnitude.
stresses or normal stresses.
Fig. 1 Free-body diagram for section between A and B. Fig. 2 Free-body diagram for section between B and C.
Fig. 3 Shearing stress distribution on cross section. Fig. 4 Free-body diagram of shaft portion AB.
J
2
4
c2 c14
2
0.060 4 0.045 4 Tc Tc 6 kN m
max 65MPa
13.92 10 6 m 4 J c4 c3
2 2
TBC c2 20 kN m 0.060 m
max 2 c 38.9 10 3 m
J 13.92 10 6 m 4
d 2c 77.8 mm
86.2 MPa
min c1 min 45 mm
max c2 86.2 MPa 60 mm max 86.2 MPa
min 64.7 MPa min 64.7 MPa
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
in SI Units
Seventh Edition Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek • Sanghi
Fig. 3 Free-body
diagram of shaft
AB. f =
TAB L
=
( 61.8 N ×m ) ( 0.6 m )
Fig. 4 Free-body
diagram of shaft
CD.
A/ B
J ABG p
2 ( 0.0095m ) 4
( 77 ´ 106 Pa )
t max
T c
= AB 55MPa =
(
T0 9.5 ´ 10 - 3 m ) = 0.0376 rad = 2.16o
J AB p
( 9.5 ´ 10 - 3 m )
4
TCD L 2.73 ( 61.8N ×m ) ( 0.9m )
2 f C/D = =
T0 = 74.1N ×m (
JCDG p ( 0.0125m ) 4 77 ´ 10 9 Pa
2 )
t max
T c
= CD 55MPa =
(
2.73 T0 12.5 ´ 10 - 3 m ) = 0.0514 rad = 2.95o
JCD p
2 ( 12.5 ´ 10 - 3 m )
4
(
f B = 2.73f C = 2.73 2.95o = 8.04 o )
T0 = 61.8 N ×m f = f B +f = 8.04o + 2.16 o
T0 = 61.8 N ×m A A/ B f A = 10.2o
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
in SI Units
Seventh Edition Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek • Sanghi
Stress Concentrations
• The derivation of the torsion formula,
Fig. 3.26 Coupling of Tc
shafts using (a) bolted
max
J
flange, (b) slot for
keyway. assumed a circular shaft with uniform
cross-section loaded through rigid end
plates.
• The use of flange couplings, gears and
pulleys attached to shafts by keys in
keyways, and cross-section discontinuities
can cause stress concentrations
• Experimental or numerically determined
concentration factors are applied as
Tc
max K
J
Fig. 3.28 Plot of stress concentration factors
for fillets in circular shafts.
Plastic Deformations
• With the assumption of a linearly elastic material,
Tc
max
J
• If the yield strength is exceeded or the material
Fig. 3.29 Distribution of shearing
strain for torsion of a circular
involved is a brittle materials with a nonlinear
shaft. shearing-stress-strain curve, these relationships
cease to be valid.
• Shearing strain varies linearly regardless of
material properties. Application of shearing-stress-
Fig. 3.30 Nonlinear, shear stress- strain curve allows determination of stress
strain diagram. distribution.
• The integral of the moments from the internal stress
distribution is equal to the torque on the shaft at the
section,
c c
T 2 d 2 2 d
0 0
Fig. 3.31 Shearing strain distribution for
shaft with nonlinear stress-strain response.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
in SI Units
Seventh Edition Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek • Sanghi
Elastoplastic Materials
• At the maximum elastic torque,
J L Y
TY Y 12 c3 Y Y
c c
Residual Stresses
• Plastic region develops in a shaft when subjected to a
large enough torque.
• When the torque is removed, the reduction of stress
and strain at each point takes place along a straight line
to a generally non-zero residual stress.
• On a T- curve, the shaft unloads along a straight line
Fig. 3.37 Shear stress-strain response
for loading past yield reversing until
to an angle greater than zero.
compressive yield occurs.
• Residual stresses found from principle of
Tc
superposition
m dA 0
J
A solid circular shaft is subjected to • Evaluate Eq. (3.16) for the angle
a torqueT 4.6 kN m at each end. which the shaft untwists when the
Assuming that the shaft is made of torque is removed. The permanent
Y 150 MPa
an elastoplastic material with twist is the difference between the
G and
77 GPa determine (a) angles of twist and untwist
the radius of the elastic core, (b) the
• Find the residual stress distribution
angle of twist of the shaft. When the
by a superposition of the stress due to
torque is removed, determine (c) the
twisting and untwisting the shaft
permanent twist, (d) the distribution
of residual stresses.
614 10 9
m 4 Y 93.4 103 rad
TY
150 106 Pa 614 109 m 4 8.50o
25 103 m
3.68 kN m
1
Y 4. 6 3
43 0.630
c 3 . 68
Y 15.8 mm
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
in SI Units
Seventh Edition Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek • Sanghi
• Evaluate Eq. (3.15) for the angle • Find the residual stress distribution
which the shaft untwists when by a superposition of the stress due to
the torque is removed. The twisting and untwisting the shaft
permanent twist is the difference
between the angles of twist and
max
Tc
4.6 103 N m 25 103 m
J 614 10-9 m 4
untwist
187.3 MPa
TL
JG
4.6 103 N m 1.2 m
6.14 109 m4 77 109 Pa
116 .8 103 rad 6.69
φp
8.50 6.69
1.81o
p 1.81o
Fig. 3.40 Superposition of stress distributions to obtain residual stresses.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek • Sanghi
in SI Units
Seventh Edition
dM 0 p dF p t ds q pds 2q dA
T dM 0 2q dA 2qA
Fig. 3.51 Shear flow in
T
the member wall.
2tA
t = 62.8 MPa