Fundamentals of

Electric Circuits
Chapter 19

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 Overview
• In this chapter, the concept of a two-port
network.
• The relationship between input and output
current and voltages will be cataloged and
described.
• Combinations of networks in series, parallel,
and cascaded will be discussed.

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 Two Port Network
• A two port network is an electrical network
with two separate ports for input and output.
• The two port network has terminal pairs
acting as access points.
• This means that the current entering one
terminal of a pair leaves the other terminal in
the pair.
• Three terminal devices, such as transistors
can be configured as two port devices.

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 One port or two
terminal circuit

Two port or four

terminal circuit

• It is an electrical network
with two separate ports
for input and output.

• No independent
sources.

4
 Parameters
• To characterize a two-port network requires
that we relate the terminal quantities V1, V2, I1,
and I2.
• Out of these only two are independent.
• The terms that relate to these voltages and
currents are called parameters.
• Impedance and admittance parameters are
commonly used in the synthesis of filters.
• They are also important in the design and
analysis of impedance-matching networks and
power distribution networks.
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 Impedance Parameters
• A two-port network may be either voltage
driven or current driven
• The terminal voltages can be related to the
terminal currents as:
V1  z11 I1  z12 I 2
V2  z21 I1  z22 I 2

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 V1 V2
z11  and z 21 
I1 I 2 0
I1 I 2 0

z11 = Open-circuit input

impedance
z21 = Open-circuit transfer
impedance from port 1 to port 2

V1 V2
z12  and z 22 
I2 I1  0
I2 I1  0

z12 = Open-circuit transfer

impedance from port 2 to port 1
z22 = Open-circuit output
impedance 7
 V1 V2
z11  and z 21 
I1 I 2 0
I1 I 2 0

V1 V2
z12  and z 22 
I2 I1  0
I2 I1  0

•When z11 = z22, the two-port network is

said to be symmetrical.
•When the two-port network is linear and
has no dependent sources, the transfer
impedances are equal (z12 = z21), and the
two-port is said to be reciprocal.
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 Impedance Network II
• The values of the parameters can be
evaluated by setting the input or output port
open circuits (i.e. set the current to zero).
V1 V1
z11  z12 
I1 I 2 0
I2 I1  0

V2 V2
z21  z22 
I1 I2 0
I2 I1  0

• These are referred to as the open-circuit

impedance parameters.

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 Example 1

Determine the Z-parameters of the following circuit.

I1 I2
V1 V2
z11  and z 21 
I1 I 2 0
I1 I 2 0

V1 V2
V1 V2
z12  and z 22 
I2 I1  0
I2 I1  0

60 40  z11 z12 

Answer: z  z  
 z 21 z 22 
40 70 10
 Open Circuit Parameters
• These parameters are as follows:
• z11 Open circuit input impedance
• z12 Open circuit transfer impedance from port
1 to port 2
• z21 Open circuit transfer impedance from port
2 to port 1
• z22 Open circuit output impedance
• When z11=z22, the network is said to be
symmetrical.

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 z Parameters
• When the network is linear and has no
dependent sources, the transfer impedances
are equal (z12=z21), the network is said to be
reciprocal.
• This means that if the input and output are
switched, the transfer impedances remain the
same.
• Any two-port network that is composed
entirely of resistors, capacitors, and
inductors must be reciprocal.

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 z Parameters II
• It should be noted that an ideal transformer
has no z parameters.
• The equivalent circuit for two port networks
is shown below:

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 Admittance Parameters
• If impedance parameters do not always exist,
then an alternative is needed for these cases.
• This need can be met by expressing the
terminal currents in terms of terminal
currents:
I1  y11V1  y12V2
I 2  y21V1  y22V2

• The y terms are known as admittance

parameters.

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 y Parameters.
• The y parameters can be determined by short
circuiting either the input or output ports (thus
setting their voltages to zero).
I1 I1
y11  y12 
V1 V 0 V2 V1  0
2

I2 I2
y21  y22 
V1 V2  0
V2 V1  0

• Because of this, the y parameters are also

called the short circuit admittance parameters.

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 Short Circuit Parameters
• These parameters are as follows:
• y11 Short circuit input admittance
• y12 Short circuit transfer admittance from port 1
to port 2
• y21 Short circuit transfer admittance from port 2
to port 1
• y22 Short circuit output admittance
• The impedance and admittance parameters are
collectively called the immitance parameters.

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 Equivalent Circuit
• For a network that is linear and has no
dependent sources, the transfer admittances
are equal.
• A reciprocal network (y12=y21) can be modeled
with a -equivalent circuit.
• Otherwise the more general equivalent
network (right) is used.

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 Hybrid Parameters
• Sometimes the z and y parameters do not
always exist.
• There is thus a need for developing another
set of parameters.
• If we make V1 and I2 the dependent variables:

V1  h11 I1  h12V2
I 2  h21 I1  h22V2

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 Hybrid Parameters II
• The h terms are known as the hybrid
parameters, or simply h-parameters.
• The name comes from the fact that they are a
hybrid combination of ratios.
• These parameters tend to be much easier to
measure than the z or y parameters.
• They are particularly useful for characterizing
transistors.
• Transformers too can be characterized by the h
parameters.

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 Values
• The values of the parameters are:

V1 V1
h11  h12 
I1 V 0 V2 I1  0
2

I2 I2
h21  h22 
I1 V2  0
V2 I1  0

• The parameters h11, h12, h21, and h22 represent

an impedance, a voltage gain, a current gain,
and an admittance respectively.

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 h Parameters
• The h-parameters correspond to:
• h11 Short circuit input impedance
• h12 Open circuit reverse voltage gain
• h21 Short circuit forward current gain
• h22 Open circuit output admittance
• In a reciprocal network, h12=-h21.
• The equivalent network is shown below:

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 g Parameters
• A set of related parameters are the g
parameters.
• They are also known as the inverse hybrid
parameters.
• They are used to describe the terminal
currents and voltages as:
I1  g11V1  g12 I 2
V2  g 21V1  g 22 I 2

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 g Parameters II
• The values of the g parameters are
determined as:
I1 I1
g11  g12 
V1 I 2 0
I2 V1  0

V2 V2
g 21  g 22 
V1 I 2 0
I2 V1  0

• The equivalent model is shown below:

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 g Parameters
• The g parameters correspond to:
• g11 Open circuit input admittance
• g12 Short circuit reverse current gain
• g21 Open circuit forward voltage gain
• g22 Short circuit output impedance

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 Transmission Parameters
• Since any combination of two variables may
be used as the independent variables, there
are many possible sets of parameters that
may exist.
• Another set relates the variables at the input
and output
V1  AV2  BI 2
I1  CV2  DI 2

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 Transmission Parameters II
• Note that in computing the transmission
parameters, I2 has a minus sign because it is
considered to be leaving the network.
• This is done by convention; when cascading
networks it is logical to consider I2 as coming
out.
• The transmission parameters are:
V1 V1
A B
V2 I 2 0
I2 V2  0

I1 I1
C D
V2 I 2 0
I2 V2  0

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 Transmission Parameters III
• The transmission parameters correspond to:
• A: Open circuit voltage ratio
• B: Negative short circuit transfer impedance
• C: Open circuit transfer admittance
• D: Negative short circuit current ratio
• A and D are dimensionless while B is in
ohms and C is in siemens.
• These are also known as the ABCD
parameters.

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 Inverse Transmission
Parameters
• We can also derive parameters based on the
relationship of the input to the output
variables.
V2  aV1  bI1
I 2  cV1  dI1
• These inverse transmission parameters are:
V2 V2
a b
V1 I1  0
I1 V1  0

I2 I2
c d 
V1 I1  0
I1 V1  0

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 t Parameters
• The inverse transmission parameters, also
called t parameters, correspond to:
• a: Open circuit voltage gain
• b: Negative short circuit transfer impedance
• c: Open circuit transfer admittance
• d: Negative short circuit current gain
• a and d are dimensionless while b is in ohms
and c is in siemens.

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