2-1

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 The Internet & the World Wide
Web 2

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 2-3

2.1 Connecting to the Internet

 Internet History
 Began with 1969’s ARPANET for US Dept. of Defense
 62 computers in 1974
 500 computers in 1983
 28,000 computers in 1987
 Early 1990s, multimedia became available on internet
 To connect you need
 An access device (computer with modem)
 A means of connection (phone line, cable hookup, or
wireless)
 An internet access provider
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2.1 Connecting to the Internet

Definition: Bandwidth is an expression of how much data
– text, voice, video and so on – can be sent through a
communications channel in a given amount of time.

Definition: Baseband is a slow type of connection that

allows only one signal to be transmitted at a time.

Definition: Broadband is a high speed connection that

allows several signals to be transmitted at once.

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2.1 Connecting to the Internet

 Physical connection to internet—wired or wireless
 Telephone [dial-up] modem
 High-speed phone line—ISDN, DSL, T1
 Cable modem
 Wireless—satellite and other through-the-air links

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2.1 Connecting to the Internet

 Data Transmission Speeds
 Originally measured in bits per second (bps)
 8 bits are needed to send one character, such as A or a
 Kbps connections send a thousand bits per second
 Mbps connections send 1 million bits per second
 Gbps connections send 1 billion bits per second
 Uploading & Downloading
 Upload—transmit data from local to remote computer
 Download—transmit data from remote to local computer

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2.1 Connecting to the Internet

 Narrowband (Dial-Up Modem)
 Telephone line narrowband, or low bandwidth, low speed
 Dial-up connection—use of telephone modem to connect
to internet
 Telephone Modems
 Can be either internal or external
 Most ISPs offer local access numbers
 Need call waiting turned off; either manually or in
Windows

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2.1 The Modem Connection

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2.1 Connecting to the Internet

 High-Speed Phone Lines
 ISDN line
 Allows voice, video, & data transmission over copper phone lines
 Can transmit 64 to 128 Kbps
 DSL line
 Uses regular phone lines, DSL modem
 Receives data at 1.5-10 Mbps; sends at 128Kbps – 1.5 Mbps
 Need to live within 3.3 miles of phone company switching office
 T1 line—very expensive
 Traditional trunk line; carries 24 normal telephone circuits
 Transmission rate of 1.5 to 6 Mbps
 Cable modem
 TV cable system with internet connection
 Receives data at up to 30 Mbps; sends at 1.4 Mbps
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2.1 Connecting to the Internet

 Satellite Wireless Connection
 Transmits data between satellite dish and satellite
orbiting earth
 Sends data at around 512 Kbps; receives at 1.5 Mbps
 Connection is always on
 Requires internet access provider with 2-way satellite
transmission

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2.1 Connecting to the Internet

 Other Wireless Connections: Wi-Fi & 3G
 Wi-Fi—stands for “wireless fidelity”
 Name for a set of wireless standards (802.11) set by IEEE
 Transmits data wirelessly for 300 – 500 feet from access point
(hotspot)
 Typically used with laptops that have Wi-Fi hardware
 3G—stands for “third generation”
 High-speed wireless that does not need access points
 Used in PDAs and smartphones
 Can deliver downloadable video clips, hi-res games

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

 2-12

2.1 Connecting to the Internet

 Internet Access Providers—Three Types
 Internet Service Provider (ISP)—e.g., Earthlink
 Company that links online users to its servers, which link
users to the internet through another company’s network
 Commercial Online Service—e.g., AOL
 Members-only company that provides specialized content
as well as internet access
 Wireless Internet Service Provider (WISP)—e.g.,
Cingular, Sprint
 Enables wireless laptop and smartphone users to access internet

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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2.2 How Does the Internet Work?

 The internet consists of thousands of smaller networks
 Central to this arrangement are Client/Server networks
 Client: a computer requesting data or services
 Server or host computer: a central computer supplying
data or services requested of it

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2.2 How Does the Internet Work?

 Internet Connection: POP, NAPs, Backbone, &
Internet2
 Point of Presence (POP)
 A collection of modems and other equipment in a local area
 A local gateway to the ISP’s network
 ISP connects to a network access point
 Network Access Point (NAP)
 A routing computer at a point on the internet where several
connections come together
 NAPs are owned by network service providers (e.g., MCI)
 PNAPs provide more efficient routing of data [continued]

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2.2 How Does the Internet Work?

 Internet Backbone
 High-speed, high-capacity data transmission lines
 Uses the newest technology
 Providers include AT&T, Sprint, Verizon, GTE, Teleglobe,
and Deutsche Telekom
 Internet 2
 Cooperative university/business research project
 Adds new “toll lanes” to older internet to speed things up
 Advances videoconferencing, research, collaboration

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2.2 How Does the Internet Work?

 Handshaking & Authentication: Connecting Your Modem to ISP
 Handshaking—fastest transmission speed established
 Authentication—correct password & user name
 Protocols
 The set of rules a computer follows to electronically transmit data.
 TCP/IP is the internet protocol
 Developed in 1978
 Used for all internet transactions
 Packets
 Fixed-length blocks of data for transmission
 Data transmissions are broken up into packets

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2.2 How Does the Internet Work?

 IP Addresses
 Every device connected to the internet has an address
 Each IP address uniquely identifies that device
 The address is four sets of numbers separated by
periods
 Each number is between 0 and 255
 Example: 95.160.10.240
 Dynamic IP addresses change with every use
 Static IP addresses don’t change

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2.2 How Does the Internet Work?

 Who runs the internet?
 The board of trustees of the Internet Society (ISOC)
oversees the standards
 Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
(ICANN) regulates domain names

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2.3 The World Wide Web

 Browsers
Software for web-surfing

 Examples: Internet Explorer, Mozilla FireFox, Apple
Macintosh’s Safari, Google’s Chrome, Microsoft’s Bing
 Website
 The location on a particular computer that has a unique
address
 Example: www.barnesandnoble.com, www.mcgraw-hill.com
 The website could be anywhere--not necessarily at company
headquarters
Discussion Question: What type of internet browser do you think
is the best? Have you used others?
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 2-20

2.3 The World Wide Web

 Web Page
 A document on the web that can include text, pictures,
sound, and video
 The first page on a website in the Home page
 The Home page contains links to other pages on the
website

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2.3 The World Wide Web

 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
 A character string that points to a specific piece of
information anywhere on the web
 A website’s unique address
 It consists of
 The web protocol, http
 The domain name of the web server
 The directory name or folder on that server
 The file within the directory, including optional extension

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2.3 The World Wide Web

 TCP/IP—Internet Protocol
 HTTP—Protocol Used to Access World Wide Web
 Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
 The language used in writing and publishing web pages
 Set of instructions used to specify document structure,
formatting, and links to other documents on the web
 Hypertext links connect one web document to another

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2.3 The World Wide Web

 Web Browsers
 Your tool for using the internet
 Comes preinstalled on most PCs
 5 basic elements
 Menu bar
 Toolbar
 URL bar
 Workspace
 Status bar

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2.3 The World Wide Web

 Home Page
The page you see when you open your web browser

 You can change the Home Page on your browser
 Back, Forward, Home &
Search
 Use the menu bar
icons to move from
one page to another

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 2-25

2.3 The World Wide Web

 Navigation
 History Lists
 A list of websites you visited since you opened up your
browser for this session
 Allows you to easily
return to a particular
site

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2.3 The World Wide Web

 Navigation
 Bookmarks
 Allows you to store the URL from a
site on your computer so you can find it
again in another browser session
 To save the URL for a site, click on
“Favorites” in Internet Explorer or
“Bookmarks” Mozilla Firefox

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 2-27

2.3 The World Wide Web

 Navigation—Three Ways to Interact with Any Given
Web Page
 Use mouse to click on hyperlink, which will transfer you
to that page
 Radio buttons: little circles located in front of various
options
 Search box: used for entering
text in a fill-in text box, then
hitting enter

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2.3 The World Wide Web

 Navigation
 Scroll arrows: small up/down and left/right arrows that
when clicked on, move the screen so that you can see
the rest of the web page
 Frame: an independently controllable section of a web
page

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 2-29

2.3 The World Wide Web

 Web portals
 A gateway website that offers a broad array of resources
and services, online shopping malls, email support,
community forums, stock quotes, travel info, and links to
other categories
 Examples: Yahoo!, Google, Bing, Lycos, and AOL
 Most require you to log in, so you can
 Check the Home page for general information
 Use the subject guide to find a topic you want
 Use a keyword to search for a topic

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2.3 The World Wide Web

 Search Services & Search Engines
 Organizations that maintain databases accessible through websites to
help you find information on the internet
 Examples: portals like Yahoo!, and Bing, plus Google, Ask.com,
Gigablast
 Search services maintain search engines—programs that users can
use to ask questions or use keywords to find information
 Databases of search engines are compiled using software programs
called spiders
 Spiders crawl through the World Wide Web
 Follow links from one page to another
 Index the words on that site

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 2-31

2.3 The World Wide Web

 Search Services & Search Engines
 A search by a single search engine never covers the
entire web
 Search engines differ in what they cover

Discussion Question: Do you prefer one search engine for finding

information? Why?
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 2-32

2.3 The World Wide Web

 4 Web Search Tools
1. Individual Search Engines
 Compile their own searchable database on the web
 You search by typing keywords and receiving “hits”
 Examples are Ask, Bing, Google, and Yahoo!
2. Subject Directories
 Created and maintained by human editors, not electronic
spiders
 Allow you to search for information by selecting lists of
categories or topics
 Example sites are Beaucoup!, Galaxy, Google Directory,
LookSmart, Open Directory Project, and Yahoo! Directory
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2.3 The World Wide Web

 4 Web Search Tools
3. Metasearch Engines
 Allows you to search several search engines
simultaneously
 Examples are Clusty, Dogpile, Grokker, Mamma,
MetaCrawler, and Webcrawler
4. Specialized Search Engines
 Help locate specialized subject matter, such as info on
movies, health, jobs
 Examples are Career.com. WebMD, Expedia

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2.3 The World Wide Web

 Smart Searching: Three General Strategies
 If you’re just browsing . . .
 Try a subject directory
 Next try a metasearch engine
 If you’re looking for specific information . . .
 Try a Answers.com “one-click” search
 Or go to a general search engine, then a specialized one
 If you’re looking for everything on a subject . . .
 Try the same search on several search engines

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2.3 The World Wide Web

 Multimedia Search Tools
 Still images—e.g., Google Image Search
 Audio—e.g., Yahoo! Audio Search
 Video—e.g., AllTheWeb
 Multiple sources, including music—e.g., A9, Rocket Music Song ID
(cellphones)
 Scholarly—e.g., Google Scholar

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 2-36

2.3 The World Wide Web

 Desktop Search
 Desktop search engine: a tool that extends searching
beyond the web to the contents of your computer’s hard
disk
 Uses technology similar to that in web search engines
 Offered by all of the principal search engine services as a
download

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 2-37

2.3 The World Wide Web

 Tagging
 Tags: do-it-yourself labels that people can put on
anything found on the internet, from articles to photos to
videos
 Can be shared easily with other people
 Tags are available through del.icio.us, BlinkList, Flickr

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 2-39

2.4 Email & Other Ways of

Communicating over the Net
 Email Program
 Enables you to send email by running email software on
your computer that interacts with an email server at your
internet access provider
 Incoming mail is stored on the server in an electronic
mailbox
 Upon access, mail is sent to your software’s inbox
 Examples: Windows Mail (Outlook), Apple Mail

Discussion Question: If your email is stored at the server and

servers are backed up, when you delete an email is it gone for
good?
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 2-40

2.4 Email & Other Ways of

Communicating over the Net
 Web-Based Email
 You send and receive messages by interacting via a
browser with a website
 Advantage: You can easily send and receive messages
while traveling
 Examples: Yahoo! Mail, Windows Live Hotmail, Gmail
(Google), and AOL Mail

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 2-41

2.4 Email & Other Ways of

Communicating over the Net
 Using email
1. Get an email address, following the format

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 2-42

2.4 Email & Other Ways of

Communicating over the Net
 Tips for Using Email
1. Type addresses carefully, including
capitalization, underscores, and periods
2. Use the reply command to avoid
addressing mistakes
3. Use the address-book feature to store
email addresses
4. Deal with each email only once
5. Don’t “bloat” you email

To keep email, use filters (Instant organizer

folders)
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 2-43

2.4 Email & Other Ways of

Communicating over the Net
 Email Attachments
 A copy of a file or document that you send attached to an
email to one or more people
 The recipient must have compatible software to open the
attachment. If they don’t have Excel, they probably can’t
read the spreadsheet you sent them. Be careful about
opening attachments
 Many viruses hide in them
 Know who is sending it to you before you open it

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 2-44

2.4 Email & Other Ways of

Communicating over the Net
 Instant Messaging
 Any user on a given email system can send a message
and have it pop up instantly on the screen of anyone
logged into that system
 To get IM: download IM software from a supplier
 Examples: AOL/AIM, Google Talk, MySpace, Facebook,
and Yahoo! Messenger
 The downside of IM:
 Lack of privacy
 Lack of common standards
 Time wasters

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 2-45

2.4 Email & Other Ways of

Communicating over the Net
 FTP – File Transfer Protocol
 A software standard for transferring files between
computers, including those with different operating
systems
 You can transfer files from an FTP site on the internet to
your PC
 FTP sites offer many free files
 FTP sites may be either public or proprietary
 You can download using your web browser or FTP client
programs

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 2-46

2.4 Email & Other Ways of

Communicating over the Net
 Newsgroups
 A giant electronic discussion board
 There are thousands of free internet newsgroups
 Usenet is the worldwide public network of servers on the
internet www.usenet.com
 To participate you need a newsreader
 Listserv
 An email-based discussion group
 Uses an automatic mailing-list server that sends email to
subscribers on selected topics

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 2-47

2.4 Email & Other Ways of

Communicating over the Net
 Real-Time Chat (RTC)
 Participants have a typed discussion while online at the
same time
 RTC involves message board, with many contributions
(“posts”)
 To start, user service on your browser, such as IRC
 IM is one-on-one, but RTC has a list of participants

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

 2-48

2.4 Email & Other Ways of

Communicating over the Net
 Netiquette – Appropriate Online Behavior
 Before you ask a question, consult the FAQs
 Avoid flaming
 Don’t SHOUT – use all capital letters
 Be careful with jokes
 Avoid sloppiness, but avoid criticizing other’s sloppiness
 Don’t send huge file attachments unless requested
 When replying, quote only the relevant portion
 Don’t “overforward”

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

 2-49

2.4 Email & Other Ways of

Communicating over the Net

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 2-50

2.5 Telephony, Multimedia, Webcasting,

Blogs, E-Commerce, & the Social Web
 Internet Telephony
 Uses the internet to make phone calls
 Long-distance calls are either very inexpensive or free
 With no PC, dial a special phone number to packetize your
call
 With a PC that has a sound card, microphone, Internet
connection, and internet telephone software such as Microsoft
NetMeeting and Windows Messenger
 Sound quality is no longer an issue
 Also allows videoconferencing

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 2-51

2.5 Telephony, Multimedia, Webcasting,

Blogs, E-Commerce, & the Social Web
 Multimedia on the Web
 Allows you to get images, sound, video, and animation
 May require a plug-in, player, or viewer
 A program that adds a specific feature to a browser so it can view
certain files
 Example: Adobe Acrobat Reader, RealPlayer, QuickTime
 Multimedia Applets
 Small programs that can be quickly downloaded and run by most
browsers
 Java is the most common Applet language
 Microsoft’s Visual Studio.NET competes with Java
 Text & Images: great variety available
 Example: Google Earth

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2.5 Telephony, Multimedia, Webcasting,

Blogs, E-Commerce, & the Social Web
 Multimedia on the Web (continued)
 Animation
 The rapid sequencing of still images to create the
appearance of motion
 Used in video games and web images that seem to move
 Video
 Streaming video transfers data in a continuous flow so you
can begin viewing a file before it is all sent
 Example is RealPlayer
 Audio may be transmitted either:
 Downloaded completely before the file can be played, or
 Downloaded as streaming audio
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 2-53

2.5 Telephony, Multimedia, Webcasting,

Blogs, E-Commerce, & the Social Web
 Push Technology & Webcasting
 Push technology, software that automatically downloads
information to personal computers
 Webcasting is sending of customized text, video, audio on regular
basis
 Blogging—RSS, XML, & the Rise of the Blogosphere
 RSS newsreaders: programs that scour the web and pull together
in one place “feeds” from several websites
 Based on XML (extensible markup language): a web-document
tagging and formatting language
 XML and RSS have led to blogs and bologosphere
 Blog: short for web log, a diary-style web page
 Have become popular, both privately and in politics

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 2-54

2.5 Telephony, Multimedia, Webcasting,

Blogs, E-Commerce, & the Social Web
 Podcasting
 Recording internet radio or similar internet audio
programs
 E-Commerce: conducting business activities online
 B2B commerce is business-to-business e-commerce
 Online finance now involves online banking, stock trading
online, and e-money such as PayPal
 Online auctions link buyers with sellers
 Online job hunting match job hunters with an employer

Discussion Question: Have you every sold anything on eBay?

Used PayPal?
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 2-55

2.5 Telephony, Multimedia, Webcasting,

Blogs, E-Commerce, & the Social Web
 Matchmaking websites
 Also called “dating” websites, are online forums that
people may join in hopes of meeting compatible potential
mates
 Examples: AmericanSingles, eHarmony, Match.com

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

 2-56

2.5 Telephony, Multimedia, Webcasting,

Blogs, E-Commerce, & the Social Web
 Web 2.0 & the social web
 Web 2.0: the move toward a more social, collaborative,
interactive, and responsive web
 MySpace, Facebook, & other social-networking sites
 Social networking website: an online community that allows
members to:
 Keep track of friends
 Share photos, videos, music, stories, and ideas
 YouTube, Flicker, and other media-sharing sites
 Media-sharing website: type of online social network in
which members share media such as photos, videos, and
music
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 2-57

2.5 Telephony, Multimedia, Webcasting,

Blogs, E-Commerce, & the Social Web
 Friendfeed, Spokeo, & other social-network
aggregators
 Social-network aggregators: collect content from all of a user’s
various social network profiles into one place, then allow him or
her to track friends and share other social network activities
 Twitter & Tumbler social networking & microblogging
services
 “Thoughtcasting” or “microblogging”: sending a text message
from your mobile phone to friends’ web/IM or their phones
 Tumbler allows the use of multiple media

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

 2-58

2.6 Snooping, Spoofing, Phishing,

Pharming, Cookies, & Spyware
 Not everyone on the internet is honest
 We consider some ways that others can be intrusive
 Snooping
 Email is not private
 Corporate management has the right to view employees’
email
 Friends can send email anywhere
 Not all ISPs protect their customers’ privacy

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

 2-59

2.6 Snooping, Spoofing, Phishing,

Pharming, Cookies, & Spyware
 Spam: Electronic Junk Mail
 Unsolicited email that takes up your time
 Delete it without opening the message
 Never reply to a spam message
 When you sign up for something, don’t give your email
address
 Use spam filters
 Fight back by reporting new spammers to www.abuse.net
or www.spamhaus.org or www.rahul.net/falk

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

 2-60

2.6 Snooping, Spoofing, Phishing,

Pharming, Cookies, & Spyware
 Spoofing
 Using fake email sender names so the message appears
to be from a different source, so you will trust it.
 If you don’t know the sender, don’t open it.
 Phishing
 Sending forged email directing recipient to fake website
 Purpose: to entice people to share personal or financial
data
 Fake website looks like real website—e.g., Citibank’s

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

 2-61

2.6 Snooping, Spoofing, Phishing,

Pharming, Cookies, & Spyware
 Pharming
 Thieves implant malicious software on your PC.
 Redirects you to an imposter web page even when you
type the correct URL
 To foil it, type the URL with https for “http secure”)—e.g.,

https://www.microsoft.com. Use this one with https, not

http://www.microsoft.com. Since it has only http, it could
be spoofed.

Discussion Question: Have you ever been a victim of any of these

attacks? If yes, what did you do?
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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2.6 Snooping, Spoofing, Phishing,

Pharming, Cookies, & Spyware
 Cookies
 Little text files left on your hard disk by some websites
you visit
 Can include your log-in name, password, and browser
preferences
 Can make visiting these websites next time more
convenient and faster
 But cookies can be used to gather information about you
and your browsing habits

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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2.6 Snooping, Spoofing, Phishing,

Pharming, Cookies, & Spyware
 Spyware
 Software surreptitiously installed on your computer via
the web
 Spyware hides on your PC and captures information
about what is on the PC, such as keystrokes, passwords

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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2.6 Snooping, Spoofing, Phishing,

Pharming, Cookies, & Spyware
 Common Forms of Spyware
 Adware—tracks your web surfing, sends you unsolicited
pop-up ads
 Browser hijackers—change your browser settings,
replace your Home page
 Search hijackers—intercept legitimate search requests,
send you to phony websites
 Key loggers—record all your keystrokes, send them
elsewhere

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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2.6 Snooping, Spoofing, Phishing,

Pharming, Cookies, & Spyware
 Spyware [continued]
 To prevent spyware, install and use antispyware software
at all times
 Be careful about free and illegal downloads, since they
are a source of spyware
 Don’t say “I agree” when you are downloading something
—read the fine print
 Beware of unsolicited downloads

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.