UNIT 1 STRUCTURE

AND COHESION
CREATED BY:
AYU AMELIA AZHARI
M IBNU ALGHIFARI
 STRUCTURE AND COHESION
• Concered with the general organization of a piece of academic writing
• A report
• An essay
• An assignment
• A project

The plan below of a piece of writing, in this case an essay, will

help to eexpalin the overall structure.
 Stage 1. STRUCTURE
Content

Structure Sentences
1. Introduction : subject or topic
2. Development : presentation, Paragraphs
anlysis, and discussion
3. Conclusion : summary of the
main poits, opinion and
decisions. Languange Function
 Organised Formal writing
• Similar way – introduction
• Developments of main ideas
• Conclusions
• Languange functions
• Particular uses
• Structure of the languange organized
 purpose
• That the writer has mind in wishing, to communicate ideas to other
people-describing, defining, examplifying, classifying, etc.
 Stage 2. Connectives
Basic Connectives : Introduction
type A piece of writing of text will often have the following structure:
A
A-and
B-or Supporting
C-but Information
A

Opposite C
Main B Alternative
Arguments Development Proposals

A
Conclusion
• A : the discussion, arguments, or comment in the development of the topic may be
very straight forward. The basic connective and is used here. A number of connectives
have a similar or related meaning to and

• B : sometims th comments may be expressed in another way, r an alternative

proposal may be made. This is represented by the basic connective or. After the
alternative has been considered, the main argument is continued.

• C : there are also occasions in arguments etc. When the opposites is considered or
reffered to this represented by the basic connective but. After the pposite or opposing
view has been considered, the main argument is continued

A list of the connectives divided into the main group of and, or, but is contained in
appendix 2 : connectives.
 STAGE 3. PARAGRAPHS
A paragraphs normally contains several sentences but theey are all concerned with th theme
contained in the topic or key sentences.

The key sentences:

• The first one
• The main idea or topic
• Support it by adding further information or examples
• Self contained but should link logically with the previous and following paragraphs

NOTE: Paragraphs are either indented fro the left margin. The started further in from
the left or a line of space is left at the end of a paragraph and the next paragraph is
started ont he left margin. This makes it easier for the reader to read a text.