GENDER AND

SOCIALIZATION
Learning Objectives:

• To define gender, socialization and gend

er socialization
• To know some theoretical approaches to
Gender Socialization
• To know the types of socialization
• To know the various agents of gender so
cialization
• To have an overview of various gender id
entities
Definition of Terms:
the state of being man or w
Gender oman

In sociology, the process of

Socialization internalizing the norms
and ideologies of society

the process of learning the

social expectations and attit
Gender Soci udes in accordance with th
alization eir assigned gender, which
is assigned at birth based o
n biological sex
Social Constructionism

no inherent truth

Individuals internalize social

expectations for gender nor
ms and behave accordingly
Gender Socialization

“HOW TO BE Y
OU?”
GENDER ROLES
Gender Socialization

Gender Roles
a set of behaviors, attitudes
and personality characteristi
cs expected and encourage
d of a person based on his
or her sex
Gender Roles
Theoretical Appro
aches to Gender S
ocialization
Social Learning Theory

children are reinforced – both

positively and negatively – for
gender appropriate and inappr
opriate behavior
Cognitive Development Theory

“children’s views of appropriate g

ender roles change as they grow
older, reflecting their changing co
gnitive development
once children develop gender co
nstancy, they become more motiv
ated to demonstrate gender appro
priate behavior
Gender Schema Theory

“polarized” – what is acceptab

le and appropriate for females
is not acceptable or appropriat
e for males
Pshychoanalytic Theory

gender identity result from unc

onscious psychological proces
ses
children’s first identification is
with the feminine
Types of Socializa
tion
Deliberate or Conscious

when persons are explicitly an

d directly taught the norms and
values, the social expectations
and obligations of the group
Non-deliberate or Unplanned

when individuals learn the nor

ms and values by themselves f
rom observations in the variou
s groups they come in
Agents of Gender
Socialization
1. FAMILY

a. Manipulation
1. FAMILY

b. Canalization
1. FAMILY

c. Activity Exposure
1. FAMILY

c. Activity Exposure
1. FAMILY

d. Verbal Appellation

“ Ka-babae mong tao, ang dumi ng

kwarto mo..”

“Lalaki ka, dapat

matapang ka..”
2. PEERS

Boys and girls, beginning by age of t

hree, prefer same-sex playmates, not
influenced by adults
The influence of peer group typically
peaks during adolescence
Peer groups generally only affect sho
rt term unlike the family, which has lo
ng term influence
3. FORMAL EDUCATION

traditional expectations for boys and

girls continue
different subject for girls and boys
notions for boys and girls
participation in projects and activities
sex-segregated schools
4. MASS MEDIA

radio, television, internet, literature

children books which portrays gende

r appropriate chores or activities

movies, shows, articles which portray

s gender roles
5. RELIGION

most organized religion teach gender

subordination
Assigned Gender

Gender Roles

Gender Identity
Gender Identity

CISGENDER gender = sex

TRANSGENDER gender sex

LGBT

GENDERQUEER
challenges the idea of binary gender
GENDERQUEER
Gender Fluidity
- flexible gender expression,
changes from day to day
- Bigender / Trigender

Neutrois

Q - Umbrella term for gender

neutral or null

Gender Non-
Conforming
- Gender
identity/expression does
not conform to societal
masculine/feminine
Thank you!