HUMAN BEHAVIOR

&
CRISIS MANAGEMENT
VIEWPOINTS IN THE STUDY OF HUMAN
BEHAVIOR
• Neurological
• Behavioral
• Cognitive
• Psychoanalytical
• Humanistic
1. Neurological emphasizes
human actions in relation to
events, taking place inside the
body, especially the brain and the
nervous system.
2. Behavioral – focuses on
external activities that can be
observed and measured.
 3. Cognitive – concerned with the way
the brain processes and transforms
information in various ways.
4. Psychoanalytical – emphasizes
unconscious motives stemming from
repressed sexual and aggressive impulses
in childhood.
5. Humanistic – focuses on the subject’s
experience, freedom of choice and
motivation toward self-actualization.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
1. Heredity – determined by genes
that will influence intelligence and
special aptitudes which parents
pass on traits to their offspring
 2. Environment – consists of
the condition and factors that
surround and influence and
individual.
3. Learning – is the process by
which behavior changes as a
result of experience or
practice.
 CAUSES OF CONFLICTS IN HUMAN
BEHAVIOR
1.Physical cause – refer to natural causes
like typhoon.
2. Social conflicts – involves restrictions or
rules in the home, in school in the
community.
3. Economic conflicts – result from one’s
inability to acquire material things because
of poverty or other financial obligations.
BASIC TYPES OF HUMAN
BEHAVIOR
 1. Inherited or Innate Behavior refers
to any behavioral response or reflex exhibited
by people due to their genetic endowment or
the process of natural selection.
Considerations for Inherited Behavior:
a. Physical traits – inherit from parents and
ancestors.
b. Mental traits – desirable traits (level of
intelligence and special talents) and undesirable
traits (mental defects) can be inherited.
2. Learned or Operant Behavior
involves cognitive adaptation that
enhances the human beings ability
to cope with changes in the
environment and to manipulate
the environment in ways which
improve the changes for survival.
 Considerations for Learned Behavior:
a. Environment – language, customs and may
other aspects of cultures are important
influences to human beings.
b .Training – closely related to environment and
includes all social, educational, cultural , moral
and religious agencies with which the child
comes in contact.
C. Efforts of the will – will is man’s capacity to
direct and restrain thoughts actions and
emotions, it is a controlling factor in causing
individual differences
Personality Dimensions that Affect Human
Behavior
1. Extraversion – the dimension that dictates condition ability .It
represent central nervous system that determines need for
stimulation and excitement. Extravert dimension plays the
greatest role in crime and delinquency because they frequently
seek stimulation, excitement and thrills all of which can get
them in trouble.
2. Neuroticism – it reflects an innate biological predisposition to
react physiologically to stressful or upsetting events. High levels
of neuroticism enhance whatever habits and consequently
influence the individual to behave anti-socially.
3. Psychoticism – is characterized by cold cruelty, social
insensitivity, disregard for danger, troublesome behavior, dislike
of others and an attraction toward the unusual.
 PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATION
OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR
(attempted to explain by means of inherited trait called
intelligence)
1. The mind and its relationship to
crime- individual thought to be
possessed by good or evil spirits
caused good or evil behavior;
psychological problems could cause
illness.
 2. Psychiatric approach – views each person as a
unique personality who can be understood only by a
thorough case study. Humans have mental conflicts
because of desire and energies that repressed into the
unconscious. The improperly socialized child does not
develop an ability to control impulses and acts them
out or project them inward.
3.Personality theory – emphasized mental disorders
and crimes are both associated with some of the same
demographic factors, such as age, gender and ethnic
origin.
4.Intelligence and crime – low intelligence causes
crime.
5. Cognitive Development Theory – based on the
belief that the way in which people organize their
thoughts about rules and laws results in either
criminal or non-criminal behavior. Human
behavior criminal conduct exist because of the
way people think and the choices they made.
6. Behavior theory – undesirable behavior can be
eliminated, modified or replaced by taking away
the reward value or by rewarding a more
appropriate behavior that is incompatible with
the deviant one.
7. Learning theory – emphasizes that learning
mat accomplished using other people as models.
 SYMPTOMS OF MENTAL DISORDERS
1. Physical – rapid changes in pulse, temperature,
respiration, nausea, vomiting, headaches, dizziness,
loss of appetite, weight changes, excessive fatigue,
pain.
2. Mental –flights of fancy , aphasia, amnesia, phobias,
irrational fears, false perceptions-illusions,
hallucinations, delusions and false beliefs.
3. Emotional – apathy, unnatural state of happiness,
behavior symptoms- crying, laughing, profane language
and constant repetition of acts.
 TYPES OF MENTAL DISORDERS
1.Psychosomatic Illness- implies an
interrelationship of mind, body and desire. If an
adolescent is emotionally disturbed, his feelings are
accompanied by physiological changes.
2.Psychoneurosis – s a mild form of mental
disorder. A person may have no physical difficulty but
may experience lack of sleep and loss of appetite and
becomes emotionally unhealthy.
3.Psychoses – are serious mental and emotional
disorders that are a manifestation of withdrawal from
reality.
 FACTORS THAT AFFECT MENTAL
DISORDERS:
1. Heredity – most frequent with family histories
revealing mental illnesses.
2. Incestuous marriages – blood incompatibility
of parents maternal infection.
3. Impaired vitality –mental worry, grief, physical
strain, unhygienic surroundings, infections and birth trauma.
4. Poor moral values training and
breeding –improper breeding and poor moral values
training.
5. Psychic actors – emotional disturbances,
such as love, hatred, passion, frustration and
disappointment.
6. Physical factors
a. Non-toxic –exhaustion resulting from severe
physical and mental strain, cerebral
hemorrhage, trauma on the skull affecting the
brain.
B. Toxic –produced by excessive formation or
deficient elimination of waste products, by
infection or excessive use f certain drugs.
MANIFESTATIONS OF MENTAL
DISORDERS
1. Cognitive disorder (knowing)
2. Emotional Disorders
(Feeling)
3. Volition Disorder
(Conation)
 1. Cognitive disorder- knowing
a. Perception disorders
Illusion – a false interpretation of an external stimulus. It may be
manifested through sight, hearing, taste, touch and smell.
Hallucination –an erroneous perception without an external
object of stimulus.
visual – seeing things although not present
auditory – hearing voices in absolute silence
olfactory – false perception of smell
gustatory – false perception of taste
tactile – false perception of touch
kinesthetic –false perception of movement
hypnagogic – false sensory perception of occurring
midway between falling asleep and being awake.
lilliputian – perception of objects as reduced in size.
 b. Memory disorders
Dementia –a form of mental disorder resulting form
the degeneration or disorder of the brain characterized
by general mental weakness,
forgetfulness, loss of coherence and total inability to
reason but accompanied by delusion.
acute dementia – a form of temporary dementia
occurring in young people like malnutrition, overwork.
dementia paralytica – degeneration of physical ,
intellectual and moral power leading to paralysis.
 dementia praecox –characterized by loss of memory.
senile dementia - characterized by loss of memory
with childish and silly behavior and physical
degeneration.
toxic dementia- characterized by weakness of mind or
feeble cerebral activity.

Amnesia –loss of memory

anterograde amnesia – loss of memory of recent
events.
retrograde amnesia – loss of memory of past events
and observed in traumas of the head.
 c. Content of thought disorders
Delusion – a false or erroneous belief in something
which is not a fact.
Delusion of grandeur – erroneous belief that he is in
possession of great power, wealth, wisdom physical
strength.
Delusion of persecution – a false belief that one is
being persecuted.
Delusion of reference – one thinks that he is always the
subject matter of conversation.
Delusion of self-accusation – a false belief in having
committed a crime or hurting the feelings of others.
 Delusion of infidelity – a false belief that one’s lover is
unfaithful.
Nihilistic delusion – a false belief that there is a bio
world that one does not exist and that his body is dead.
Hypochondriacal delusions – false feelings that one is
suffering from incurable diseases
Delusion of depression – patient experiences feelings of
uneasiness, worthlessness and futility
Delusion of negation –feeling that some parts of the
body are missing.
Obsession – is a condition of the mind bordering on
sanity and insanity.
 d. Trend of thought disorders
Mania – a state of excitement
accompanied by exaltation or a feeling of
well-being which is out of harmony with
the surrounding circumstances of the
patient.
Melancholia – an intense feeling of
depression and misery which is
unwarranted by his physical condition and
external environment.
 2. Emotional Disorders – Feeling
Exaltation – feeling of unwarranted well-being
and happiness.
Depression – feeling of miserable thought, that
a calamitous incident occurred in his life,
something has gone wrong with his bodily
functions and prefers to be quiet and in
seclusion.
Apathy – serious disregard for the surrounding
and the environment.
Phobia –excessive, irrational and uncontrollable
fear of a perfectly natural situation or object.
 3. Volition Disorder – Conation
Impulsion – sudden and irresistible force compelling a
person to the conscious performance of some action
without motive or forethought.
Compulsion – it is an act wherein a person is compelled
to perform some actions against his free will and with
duress as a result of external factors.
pyromania – an irresistible impulse to set things afire.
kleptomania – steal
mutilomania – main animals
dipsomania –indulge in intoxication
 CLASSICAL TYPES OF MENTAL
DEFICIENCIES
1. Idiot –wanting in memory,
willpower and emotion, cannot
expressed himself in language, is
quiet, timid and easily irritated. I.Q. 0-
10.
2. Imbecile –cannot manage his own
affairs, able to speak but worth poor
command language. IQ. 21-40
3. Feeble-Minded –incapable of receiving
benefits from instruction in ordinary
school, lacks initiative and ability for any
work or responsibility. I.Q. 41-70.
4. Morally Defective – devoid of a moral
sense and often shows intellectual
deficiency, careless, pleasure-loving and a
devil –may-care-sort who adheres to the
principles of live today for tomorrow we
die, live fact and die young and it is only
happiness that counts.
CONDITIONS MANIFESTING MENTAL
DISTURBANCES
1.Somnambulism –is an abnormal mental
condition whereby a person performs an
act while sleeping.
2. Semisomnolence or somnolencia –state
of half sleep or in a condition between
sleep and being awake. Commit criminal
act due to confusion.
 3. Hypnotism or mesmerism – a
person is made unconscious by
the suggestive influence of a
hypnotist.
4. Delirium –is a state of confusion
of the mind. Characterized by
incoherent speech, hallucinations,
illusions, delusions, restlessness
and apparently purposeful
motions.
 DIAGNOSTIC CATEGORIES OF
MENTALLY-DISTURBED PERSONS
1. Anti-social personality – this is a mentally –
disturbed person who is opposed to the
principles upon which society is based.
Sociopath – is a person who lacks any sense of
social or moral responsibility due to mental
illness.
Psychopath- is a person having personality
disorders characterized by anti-social behavior,
indifference to immorality and abnormal
changes in mood or activity.
 2. Paranoid-Schizophrenic – is a
mental disease resembling paranoia, but is
also characterized by autistic behavior,
hallucinations and a gradual deterioration
of the personality.
3. Inadequate personality – a person
who does not fit a particular purpose.
4. Manic depressive – characterized by
alternating accounts of mania and
depression.
 TYPES OF CRISIS/EMERGENCY
1. Man-made crises/emergencies
civil disturbance ,revolt ,revolution, border
incident, war
kidnapping, hijacking, hostage-taking terrorist
activities attacks/raids on government
installations/facilities
and vital facilities.
2. Natural crisis/emergencies
fire, marine/air disasters
structural collapse ,hazardous spills
 2 PHASES OF CRISES
MANAGEMENT
1. Proactive Phase – designed to predict or
prevent the probability of occurrence of crises
at the same time prepare to handle them when
they occur.
2. Reactive Phase – Performance = the actual
execution or implementation of any of
contingency plan when a crisis situation occurs
despite the pro-active measures.
 PROACTIVE PHASE
1. Prediction = involves foretelling of
the likelihood of crises occurring either
natural or man-made through the
continuous assessment of all possible
threats and threat groups as well as
the analysis of developing or reported
events and incidents
 Predict Inputs
a. Intelligence – involves collection, evaluation,
processing, updating and dissemination of information
obtained from all possible sources.
3 Categories of Intelligence in crisis
Management:
1. Strategic Intelligence (International Threat Groups)
2. Tactical Intelligence (Locally-operating threat groups
3. Operational Intelligence (Needed for Specific Incident)
b. Events – facilitate analyses necessary for the
identification of threat groups and targets.
2. Prevention = involves the institution of passive and
active security measures, as well as the remedy or solution of
destabilizing factors and or security flaws leading to crises.
Preventive actions to neutralize threat groups:
Operations security –prevent the potential threat groups from
knowing the unit plans and operations. The key to an effective
operations- security system is protecting information.
Personnel security – protection of personnel against subversion
and blackmails. Special measures to high-ranking officials.
Physical security – encompasses protection of information,
material and personnel against terrorist actions. Physical
security measures include outer and inner defense barrier
protection, alarm, surveillance and guarding systems and
personnel control system.
3. Preparation = entails planning,
organization and training and
stockpiling of equipment and
supplies needed for such crises.
 3 STAGES OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT
PERFORMANCE
1. Initial action =includes monitoring of the progress of
the incident, securing the scene, protecting itself,
establishing perimeter security evacuating innocent
civilians.
2. Action = consists of two distinct activities;
negotiation and tactical action/intervention which may
take place independently either simultaneously or in
succession.
3. Post action = begins as soon as the perpetrator
surrender or when they are captured or neutralized
and the crisis situation is deemed cleared.
 BROAD CATEGORIES OF THREAT GROUPS
1. Political terrorists = these are ideologically-inspired
individuals or groups. They want prestige and power
for a collective goal or higher cause.
2. Criminals = these are people who commits terrorist
acts for personal rather than ideological gain.
3. Mentally-Deranged Individuals = these people
commit terrorist’s acts during a period of psychiatric
disturbance.
4. Religious Extremists = mainly belonging to Southern
religious Fundamentalists.
5. Economically-motivated Groups/Individuals =
belonging to labor groups who take recourse to
violence if it find favorable to them.
 TERRORIST TACTICS
1. Bombing
a. Vehicle bombs = booby trapped vehicles with
attached devices and car bombs.
b. Laid charges = bombs placed by hand.
c. Projected bombs = bomb thrown by hand, launched
from rifles/mortar devices.
D. Postal / mail bombs = bomb sent through letters,
parcels and other items sent by mails.
2. Arson = used to destroy or disrupt targets
such as public utilities, political headquarters,
economic and industrial facilities.
3. Hijacking/ skyjacking = highjack vehicles
with supply ammunition and fuel cargoes.
4. Assassination/ Liquidation Targets are
often predictable, and invariably, the
terrorist will claim responsibility for the
assassination mostly government officials,
corporate executives, military and police
and security officer.
5. Ambush = this is a well-planned,
generally well-thought –out, properly
rehearsed and precisely executed
operation.
6. Kidnapping = kidnapping for ransom
is the most common form of this
tactic.. The victim is normally confined
in a secret hideaway and the
kidnapper makes material demands.
7. Hostage-taking = the hostage taker
confronts the authorities and openly
holds the victims for ransom. His
demands are often more than just
material in nature
8. Robbery/Extortion = terrorist operations are expensive.
To help finance their activities, terrorist rob banks and
armored vehicles and persons carrying large sums of cash.
band robberies are also used as graduation exercises for
terrorist training programs and viewed as a tactical
operation. They conduct reconnaissance, plan escape
routes and operate with a high degree of efficiency.
9. Progressive Taxation = scheme of the CPP/NPA is a
form of extortion through coercion or use of force against
the victim or his property.
10. Raids/Attacks = target may not necessarily be vital,
isolated or large ones, what is important is the raid/attack
will attract public / media attention.
 Crisis Management Action Groups
1. Negotiation Group = composed of selected civilian
officials/personalities and military/police personnel for
the purpose of negotiating with the terrorist elements
and performing liaison functions between them and
the On-Scene Command Post.
Negotiation Team =include psychologist or an
interpreter whose primary concern is to save lives,
prevent destruction of property and pave the way for a
peaceful resolution of the crisis situation.
Liaison Team = coordinates the negotiation team and
OSC .
 Roles and Composition f the
Negotiating Team
1. Negotiating team Coordinator
2. Primary negotiator – assigned
directly communicate with the
terrorists.
3. Coach –positioned near the primary
negotiator.
 4. Chronographer – records all
pertinent activity.
5. Messenger – carry written
communications between the
negotiator and the OSC.
6. Intelligence officer – responsible for
providing the conflict management
team components with any
information.
2. Operation Groups = composed of
regular and special military and police
elements deployed in the crisis
incident site to perform security
functions and conduct tactical
operations/interventions necessary
and appropriate to neutralize the
terrorist elements/perpetrators at the
earliest possible time and at minimum
risk and cost to life and property.
a. Security units/elements = these are military
or police personnel who shall compose the area
and perimeter security.
B. Tactical action/intervention
units/elements = these are AFP/Police units
/elements specially organized, trained and
equipped to perform highly specialized anti-
terrorist operations such as sniper operations,
bomb detection and disposal and the like.
C. Utilities Liaison team = coordinates with power,
telephone and water utility tries to regulate supply to the
area where hostage taking occurred for the purpose of
enhancing government negotiation position.
 3. Service Support Group = this group shall
be composed of civilian agencies/organizations and
military police units tasked to provide the necessary
administrative, operational and logistical support to the
OSC Post. These include food distribution, medical
evacuation, communication-electronics, transportation
and other services.
A. Legal/Investigation teams =conduct investigation,
collation and preservation of evidence, documentation and
provide legal advice to the OSC.
B. Intelligence team = responsible for the collection and
processing of all operational intelligence needed by the OSC
 c. Communications-Electronics team
=responsible for insuring effective
communications between the OCS and CMC.
D. Logistic team = composed of support
personnel who provide food and drinks,
ammunition, clothing, supplies, equipment,
transportation, lighting/electricity if needed and
other logistical services.
E. Medical team =provides medical supplies
and service. It shall maintain contact with
hospitals to ensure that they are prepared to
handle any eventuality.
 F. Fire-Fighting Team =it shall provide fire-
fighting units to extinguish fires intentionally set
by the perpetrators or fires resulting from the
operation of the reaction/intervention units.
G. Administrative Support team = these are
personnel assigned to the OSCP to keep written
records of events, incoming and outgoing
communications and ensures continuity
between shifts and permits accurate Post-
Incidents Reports.
4. Public Affairs Group = these group shall
be composed of civilian and military /police
personnel tasked to coordinate and control
public information .media coverage and
community relations functions.
A. Public Information/Media Liaison & Control Team –
stationed at OSCP. The press relations or public affairs
officer may release approved information to members
of the print and broadcast media.
B. Community Relations Team – conducts civic action, provides
public assistance, coordinates and supervises relocation of
civilians displaced as a result of the terrorist action or of the
military /police action taken against the terrorist elements and
other activities to ensure maximum public cooperation.
PERSONALITY TYPES OF HOSTAGE-
TAKERS
1. Psychotics
a. Paranoid Schizophrenics =they are characterized by
persistent false mental perceptions or beliefs such as
delusions or persecution. Their thinking is often loose
and makes no sense.
B. Psychotic depressives = they experience extreme
sadness, hopelessness, feelings of inadequacy,
worthlessness, slow thinking and speech and
indecisiveness. They have less concentration and are
prone to suicide.
 2. Personality Disorders
a. Anti-Social personalities = they are
repeatedly in conflict with society, thus, are
incapable of loyalty and are grossly selfish,
callous and irresponsible.
b. Inadequate personalities = they are
unable to respond effectively to emotional,
social, intellectual an physical demands. They
show ineptness, poor judgment, social instability
and they lack physical and emotional stamina.
 GENERIC CATEGORIES OF
HOSTAGE-TAKERS
1. The common criminal –concede
to police negotiations.
2. The Psycho – unpredictable &
may resort to violence depending
on his mood.
3. The Fanatic- most dangerous ,
extreme side of violence.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
TERRORIST GROUPS
1. Minority Nationalistic Groups –group fighting
the majority of the community where the
support base will depend on ethnic, religious or
linguistic minorities at odds with the majority
community.
2. Marxist revolutionary Group – characterized
its possession of a coherent Marxist ideology or
any persuasion and of a long-term strategy for
bringing about a socialist revolution.
 3. Anarchist Group – brings
lawlessness and disorder.
4. Pathological Groups –
motivations normally have more
to do with personal inadequacy,
hatred of family or specifically
identified persons or things than
with acquired ideology.
 5. Neo-Fascist and Extreme Right-Wing
Groups – group appearing to counter the
activities of the Left and pose a more serious
threat to security forces than the more
traditional terrorist groups.
6. Ideological mercenaries – new form of
terrorism from men and women who for the
sake of a shared ideology and a common faith in
worldwide revolution, rather than a money are
ready to cross frontiers to pursue their causes.
 BROAD CATEGORIES OF
THREAT GROUPS
1.Political Terrorists –ideologically
inspired individuals or groups.
They want prestige and power for
a collective goal or higher cause.
 2. Criminals – acts for personal
rather than ideological gain, such
as kidnapping or extortion, bank
robberies.
3. Mentally-deranged individuals –
acts during a period of psychiatric
disturbance.
4. Religious extremist – intolerant of
other faiths, they are apt to execute
hostages belonging to other religious
groups.
5. Economically-motivated
groups/individuals – belonging to
labor groups who resorted for a
reasons favorable to them.
 TACTICS AGAINST
HOSTAGE-TAKERS
1. Establish and maintain
communication.
2. Stall for time
3. Obtain information.
 4. Calm the hostage-takers including
the following:
modeling- the negotiator must talk and respond in a
calm and controlled manner using a very
conversational tone.
Ventilation = give the hostage-takers time to talk
without interrupting them.
Distraction = use this to draw the attention of the
hostage-takers away from whatever is bothering them.
5. Establish rapport.
6. Use persuasion.
MAJOR ACTIVITIES IN
MANAGING HOSTAGE
SITUATIONS
1. Planning – consist of work to be
performed in order to
predetermine a course of action. It
involves :
a. Forecasting – anticipating conditions,
problems and opportunities that may be
confronted during and after the incident.
B. Establishing objectives – determining
desired results.
C. Establishing priorities –creating a sequence of steps
to be followed in reaching the objective.
D. Scheduling – establishing action commitments.
E. Allocating resources –identifying manpower and
equipment required to reach objectives and to
effectively utilize available resources.
F. Establishing procedures – standardizing ways of
performing specified work.
G. Establishing policy – providing answer to important
questions and problems which are anticipated and
which provide for action that is in the interest of the
police.
2. Organizing – consists of work to be
performed in order to arrange and
relate so that it can be accomplished
effectively
a. Structuring work – identifying and classifying work
that needs to be performed, and seeing to its proper
implementation.
B. Delegating – entrusting responsibility and authority
to others and establishing accountability.
C. Developing relationships – creating conditions
necessary for mutually cooperative effort and
teamwork.
 3. Leading – consists of work to be
performed in order to stimulate
people to take effective action.
A. Making decisions – arriving at conclusions and
judgments about results.
B. Communicating – creating understanding.
Motivating – inspiring, encouraging and impelling
people to take required action.
C. Selecting people – choosing people with the
appropriate skills, attitudes and experience to perform
specific work.
D. Developing people - improving the knowledge,
attitudes and skills of people.
 4. Controlling – consist of work to be
performed in order to assess and regulate
work in progress and which needs to be
finished.
A. Developing performance standards – establishing criteria in
order to differentiate between acceptable and unacceptable
performance.
B. Measuring performance – recording and reporting work.
C. Evaluating performance – appraising work and results.
D. Correcting performance – regulating and improving methods
and results.
“The KEY to negotiating with terrorists
is to convince the hostage takers that
their points has been well made, their
demands have been heard, and the
killing of the hostages would simply
mean to discredit them in the eyes of
the public.”