Logic

Statement – is a declarative sentence that is either true or false, but not

both true; denoted by small letter (a-z)
- Cant be a question nor command. Cant be an opinion.
Compound Statement – statements that are connected with words and
phrases such as AND, OR, NOT, IF…THEN and IF AND ONLY IF

Reference: Mathematical Excursions, 2nd Ed; Aufmann, Lockwood, Nation,

Clegg
 Logic
Example of Statements:

Are we allowed to go out? – not a statement, this a question

Answer the online activities!!! – not a statement, but a command
The baby is cute – opinion
Engineering is a study about food – this is a statement
You are engineering students – this is a statement
 Logic
Original Connective Statement in Type of
Statement Symbolic Form Compound
Statement
NOT p NOT / (all / some- ~p negation
not) / (none /
some)
p AND q AND / but pꓥq Conjunction

p OR q OR pVq Disjunction

IF p, then q IF…THEN p→q Conditional

p IF AND ONLY IF q IF AND ONLY IF p↔q Biconditional

 Logic
Consider the following statements.
p: Today is Friday.
q: It is raining.
r: I am going to a movie.
s: I am not going to the basketball game.

Write the following compound statements in symbolic form.

a. Today is Friday and it is raining.
b. It is not raining and I am going to a movie.
c. I am going to the basketball game or I am going to a movie.
d. If it is raining, then I am not going to the basketball game.
 Logic
Consider the following statements.
p: Today is Friday.
q: It is raining.
r: I am going to a movie.
s: I am not going to the basketball game.

Write the following compound statements in symbolic form.

a. Today is Friday and it is raining. pꓥq
b. It is not raining and I am going to a movie. ~q ꓥ r
c. I am going to the basketball game or I am going to a movie. ~s V r
d. If it is raining, then I am not going to the basketball game. q → s
 Logic
Consider the following statements.
p: Today is Friday.
q: It is raining.
r: I am going to a movie.
s: I am not going to the basketball game.

TRY THIS. Write the following compound statements in symbolic form.

a. Today is not Friday and I am going to a movie.
b. I am going to the basketball game and I am not going to a movie.
c. I am going to the movie if and only if it is raining.
d. If today is Friday, then I am not going to a movie.
 Logic
Consider the following statements.
p: Our classes are online.
q: I am using a laptop.
r: I join google meet.
s: I do not go back to sleep.
Write each of the following symbolic statements in words.
a. q ꓥ p
b. ~r ꓥ s
c. s ↔ ~p
 Logic
Write the negation of each of the following statements.
a. Some baseball players are worth a million dollars.
b. All movies are worth the price of admission.
c. No odd numbers are divisible by 2.
 Logic
Write the negation of each of the following statements.
a. Some baseball players are worth a million dollars.
b. All movies are worth the price of admission.
c. No odd numbers are divisible by 2.

Solution
d. No baseball player is worth a million dollars.
e. Some movies are not worth the price of admission.
f. Some odd numbers are divisible by 2.
 Logic
Write the negation of each of the following statements.
a. All bears are brown.
b. No math class is fun.
c. Some vegetables are not green.
 Logic
Truth Value – True if the statement is true, False if the statement is false
Truth Table – a table that shows the truth value of a statement for all
possible truth values of its components
 Logic
TRUTH TABLE:

p r p ∨ r p r P ∧r p r p →r p r p ↔r

T T T T T T T T T T T T

T F T T F F T F F T F F

F T T F T F F T T F T F

F F F F F F F F T F F T
 Logic
Construct Truth Table:
~(~p V q) V q
p q ~p ~p V q ~(~p V q) ~(~p V q) V q

T T F T F T
T F F F T T
F T T T F T
F F T T F F
 Logic
Construct Truth Table:
(p ꓥ ~q) V (~p V q)
p q

T T

T F

F T

F F
 Logic
Construct Truth Table: (p ꓥ q) ꓥ (~r V q)
p q r

T T T

T T F

T F F

T F T

F T T

F F T

F F F
F T F
 Logic
Construct Truth Table: (~p ꓥ r) V (q ꓥ ~r)

p q

T T

T F

F T

F F
 Logic
TAUTOLOGY is a statement that is always true.
SELF-CONTRADICTION / CONTRADICTION is a statement that is always false.
CONTINGENCY is a statement that is neither tautology nor contradiction
 Logic
Conditional Statements can be written in IF p, THEN q form; in IF p, q form; p only if q
form(equivalent form); p implies q form; not p or q form(equivalent disjunctive form).
Example:
If we order pizza, then we can have it delivered.
If you go to the movie, you will not be able to meet us for dinner.
If today is Friday, then yesterday was Thursday.
Yesterday was Thursday provided Today is Friday.
Today is Friday, only if yesterday was Thursday.
Today is Friday implies yesterday was Thursday.
Today is not Friday or yesterday was Thursday.

NOTE: p is the antecedent and q is the consequent. p → q

 Logic
Determine the truth value of each of the following.
a. If 2 is an integer, then 2 is a rational number.
b. If 3 is a negative number, then 5 > 7.
c. If 5 > 3,then 2 + 7 = 4.
 Logic
Determine the truth value of each of the following.
a. If 2 is an integer, then 2 is a rational number.
b. If 3 is a negative number, then 5 > 7.
c. If 5 > 3,then 2 + 7 = 4.

Solution
d. Because the consequent is true, this is a true statement.
e. Because the antecedent is false, this is a true statement.
f. Because the antecedent is true and the consequent is false, this is a
false statement
 Logic
Determine the truth value of each of the following.
a. If 4 > 3, then 2 + 5 = 6.
b. If 5 > 9, then 4 > 9.
c. If Tuesday follows Monday, then April follows March
 Logic
Construct Truth Table: [(p ꓥ (q V ~p)] → ~p
p q r

T T T

T T F

T F F

T F T

F T T

F F T

F F F
F T F
 Logic
Biconditional Statements can be written in p IF AND ONLY IF q form

p↔q
 Logic
State whether each biconditional is true or false.
a. x + 4 = 7 if and only if x = 3.
b. x2 = 36 if and only if x = 3 .
 Logic
State whether each biconditional is true or false.
a. x + 4 = 7 if and only if x = 3.
b. x2 = 36 if and only if x = 3 .

Solution
c. Both components are true when x = 3 and both are false when x ≠ 3.
Both components have the same truth value for any value of x, so this is
a true statement.
d. If x = -6, the first component is true and the second component is false.
Thus this is a false statement.
 Logic
State whether each biconditional is true or false.
a. x > 7 if and only if x > 6.
b. x + 5 > 7 if and only if x > 2.
 Logic
Argument consists of a set of statements called premises and another
statement called the conclusion. An argument is valid if the conclusion is
true whenever all the premises are assumed to be true. An argument is
invalid if it is not a valid argument.

First Premise: If Aristotle was human, then Aristotle was mortal.

Second Premise: Aristotle was human.
Conclusion: Therefore, Aristotle was mortal

h→m
h
∴m
 Logic
Argument consists of a set of statements called premises and another
statement called the conclusion. An argument is valid if the conclusion is
true whenever all the premises are assumed to be true. An argument is
invalid if it is not a valid argument.
h m h→m h m
h → m (first premise)
T T T T T
h (second premise)
∴m (conclusion) T F F T F

F T T F T
Argument is VALID
F F T F F
 Logic
The fish is fresh or I will not order it. The fish is fresh. Therefore I will order
it.

First Premise: The fish is fresh or I will not order it

Second Premise: The fish is fresh.
Conclusion: Therefore, I will order it.
h m ~m h V ~m h m

h V ~m T T F T T T
h T F T T T F

F T F F F T
∴ m (INVALID)
F F T T F F
 Logic
If the stock market rises, then the bond market will fall.
The bond market did not fall. Therefore, The stock market did not rise.

h m

T T

T F

F T

F F
 Logic
Determine whether the following argument is valid or invalid

If I am going to run the marathon, then I will buy new shoes. If I buy new
shoes, then I will not buy a television. If I buy a television, I will not run the
marathon.