Structure And

Functional Localization
Of The Cerebral Cortex
Lecture by: M.K. Sastry
Program Director,
Post Graduate Studies and PhD Program
The Highest Level In CNS
 Cerebral Cortex
 Inherited – Learned Responses

 Gray Matter.

 10 Billions Neurons – 50 Billions Glial

Cells.
 Cerebral Cortex
 Thickness 1.5 - 4.5 mm : Thickest VS
Thinnest.

 Weight: 600 gm (40 % of total brain

weight).
 180 gm --------- neurons.
 420 gm --------- glial cells.
Cerebral Neocortex
Pyramidal
Cell
Betz Cells
Stellate Cells
Fusiform Cells
Horizontal Cells of Cajal
Martinotti Cells
 Nerve Fibers Of Cerebral
Cortex
 Radial Fibers

 Tangential Fibers
 Bands Of Baillarger – Inner / Outer

 Stria Of Gennari

 Striate Cortex
Layers Of
Cerebral
Cortex
 Layers Of Cerebral Cortex
I. Molecular Layer
II. External Granular Layer
III. External Pyramidal Layer
Line of Kaes-Bechterew
IV. Internal Granular Layer
Outer band of Baillarger
- Line of Gennari in area 17
V. Internal Pyramidal Layer
Giant pyramidal cell of Betz
Inner Band of Baillarger
VI. Polymorphic Layer
Cortical Column
Association Fibers
 Commissural Fibers
 The commissural fibers or transverse fibers
connect the two hemispheres of the brain.
They include:
 The transverse fibers of the corpus
callosum.
 The anterior commissure.
 Commissural Fibers
 The commissural fibers or transverse fibers
connect the two hemispheres of the brain.
They include:
 The posterior commissure.
 The lyra or hippocampal commissure.

 Projection Fibers ??
Cortical Areas
Broadman’s Areas
 Terms
 Aphasia : Language Disfunction

 Agnosia : Receptive Disability

 Apraxia : Motor Disability

Motor Area
Motor Area
Primary Motor Area Lesion
Contralateral Paralysis
Secondary Motor Area Lesion
Skilled Movement
Jacksonian Epileptic Seizure
 Muscle
Spasticity
Primary VS
Secondary
Motor area
 Muscle
Spasticity
Primary VS
Secondary
Motor area
Frontal Eye Field Lesion
6,8.,9
Pre-Frontal Cortex
9,10,11,12
Pre-Frontal Cortex
Expressive Aphasia
Frontal Lobectomy
Somatosensory Area
Somatosensory Area
Primary Somesthetic Area Lesion
Temperature – Touch - Pressure
Astereognosis
 Secondary Somesthetic Area Lesion
Ignorance Opposite Side “ Supramarginal 40 “ Pain
Primary Visual Area
Primary Visual Area Lesion
Secondary Visual Area Lesion
Visual Agnosia
Primary
Auditory
Area
Lesion
Secondary Auditory Area Lesion
Word Deafness
Receptive
Aphasia
Dominant Angular Gyrus – 39
Alexia - Agraphia
 Silent Area
Epilepsy – Amnesia – Auditory Hallucination
Deja vu
Insula
 Cerebral Dominance
Adult VS Pediatric

Language 3D perception
Speech Singing
Writing Playing Musical
Calculation instrument
Ventricular System
Blood Brain Barrier
Subarachnoid
Space
Cisterns
 Subarachnoid Cisterns
 Cerebellomedullary cistern (Cisterna
magna) - the largest of the subarachnoid
cisterns.
 Pontine cistern (Prepontine cistern or
cisterna pontis).
 Subarachnoid Cisterns
 Interpeduncular cistern (Cisterna
interpeduncularis).
 Superior cistern (Quadrigeminal cistern or
cistern of the great cerebral vein)
 Subarachnoid Cisterns
 Ambient cistern (Cisterna ambiens) - thin,
sheet-like extensions of the superior cistern
that extend laterally about the midbrain,
connecting it to the interpeduncular
cistern. Ambient cistern may also refer to
the combination of these extensions and
the superior cistern.
Choroid Plexus
Choroid Plexus
Choroid Plexus Papilloma
Tela Chorioidea
Ependymoma
Lumbar Cistern
CSF
 CSF
 Production Site
 Production rate
 Amount Capacity
 CSF pressure ranges in Pediatrics –
Adults
 Functions ?!
 Functions of CSF
 Cushions & Protection Against Trauma.

 Mechanical Buoyancy.

 Nourishes CNS.
 Functions of CSF
 Remove Metabolites from CNS.

 As pathway for Pineal Secretions to

reach the Pituitary gland.
Dural Venous Sinuses
 Arachnoid Granulation
CSF Pressure VS Venous Pressure
Extension of Subarachnoid Space
PAPILLOEDEMA
Blood
Brain
Barrier
Blood – CSF Barrier
Intracranial
Pressure
Intracranial Pressure
 ICP
 Is normally 7–15 mmHg for a supine
adult, and becomes negative
(averaging −10 mmHg) in the vertical
position.
 Once the ICP has reached around
25 mmHg ?
 The Monro-Kellie hypothesis
 Pressure-volume relationship between
ICP, volume of CSF, blood, and brain
tissue, and (CPP).
 Cerebral Perfusion Pressure

 CPP = MAP − ICP

 A vicious cycle
 Increased ICP
 Mass effect.
 Generalized brain swelling.
 Increase in venous pressure.
 Obstruction to CSF flow and/or
absorption.
 Increased CSF production
Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus
 Hydrocephalus
 Increased Formation.

 Circulation Blockage.
 Diminished Absorption.

 Communicating.

 Non-Communicating.
Kernicterus
Thank You