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Engineering Science Department Pakistan Navy Engineering College National University of Sciences & Technology
Engineering Science Department Pakistan Navy Engineering College National University of Sciences & Technology
Engineering Science Department Pakistan Navy Engineering College National University of Sciences & Technology
Laws of thermodynamics (like Newton’s laws of motion and other laws of nature) are generalized statement
deduced from the observation of the universe and for which no exception is observed. The validity of the law lies
in the fact that it is not violated within its framework, even by a single event occurring anywhere in the universe.
There are four laws of thermodynamics: zeroth, first, second and third law. Law of conservation of mass is also
required for thermodynamic analysis.
There are different statements of the same law. One statement has to be accepted as the universal truth, the
other statements can be proved equivalent to this one.
Various important consequences can be derived from a law. These consequences define new concepts which
are building blocks of science of thermodynamics.
For our scope of study: only statements of zeroth and third law are required; first law, second law and principle
of conservation of mass are to be utilized in thermodynamic analysis.
Law is valid for total mass of the system, as well as individual chemical constituent of the system. For
our scope, later is not required. Thus, mass balance relation (as given above) is not required for
closed systems.
For steady-state steady-flow process mass balance is written in rate form and there is no change
within the system (by definition). Mathematically,
Σmin - Σmout = 0
Engineering Science Department
Khurram Jamal Hashmi Pakistan Navy Engineering College 4 of 17
National University of Sciences & Technology
Lesson # 10 - 12 : Laws of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics I (ME 130)
First Law of Thermodynamics
The right hand side of the equation is the change within the system
and left hand side represent changes at the boundary of the system
Engineering Science Department
Khurram Jamal Hashmi Pakistan Navy Engineering College 5 of 17
National University of Sciences & Technology
Lesson # 10 - 12 : Laws of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics I (ME 130)
First Law of Thermodynamics
Change in energy of the system ΔEsystem is sum of change in internal energy ΔU, change in kinetic energy ΔKE,
change in gravitational potential energy ΔPE, change in electromagnetic potential energy and others. Change in
internal energy comprises of change in nuclear bond energy, change in chemical bond energy and change in
thermal energy. Mathematically,
For thermo-mechanical systems (our scope of study) changes in nuclear bond energy, chemical bond energy and
other forms energies are negligible as compared changes in thermal energy, kinetic energy , gravitational
potential energy.
ΔEsystem = ΔU
Engineering Science Department
Khurram Jamal Hashmi Pakistan Navy Engineering College 6 of 17
National University of Sciences & Technology
Lesson # 10 - 12 : Laws of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics I (ME 130)
First Law of Thermodynamics
There are three modes of energy transfer: heat Q, work W and mass m. Each element of mass m
crosses a boundary with specific energy e; which is sum of energies as discussed in last slide i.e. e =
u + ke +pe for thermo-mechanical systems. Mathematically,
ΣEin = ΣQin + ΣWin + Σminein = ΣQin + ΣWin + Σmin (uin + kein + pein)
In most commonly used form of the equation work W includes all form of work except flow work. Flow
work adds to internal energy to give enthalpy (Enthalpy = Internal Energy + Flow Work)
Similarly,
The final form of energy balance equation for thermo-mechanical systems is:
[ΣQin+ΣWin+Σmin (hin+kein+pein)] – [ΣQout+ΣWout+Σmout (hout+keout+peout)] = ΔU+ΔKE+ΔPE
Problem # 1:
A system undergoes a process in which the heat transfer to the system is 40 kJ and the
work done by the system is 45 000 N m. Evaluate the increase in the energy of the
system.
Solution:
Problem # 2:
Solution: [Note: Complete solution is shown below. The application of the laws start from next slide]
System: Mass contained within cylinder piston arrangement. Initially the system contains
combustible mixture and finally mixture of combustion products.
Known: diameter of cylinder, initial and final temperatures, constant pressure maintained in cylinder,
heat transfer to surrounding atmosphere, net distance the piston has moved.
Find: increase in energy of the contents of cylinder
Assumptions:
The system is leak-proof (closed system).
The process is isobaric.
Engineering Science Department
Khurram Jamal Hashmi Pakistan Navy Engineering College 11 of 17
National University of Sciences & Technology
Lesson # 10 - 12 : Laws of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics I (ME 130)
First Law of Thermodynamics – Numerical Problem
Analysis:
Mass balance: Not required for closed system
Energy balance for closed system:
[ΣQin + ΣWin] - [ΣQout + ΣWout] = ΔE
[0+0] - [Qout +∫PdV] = ΔE [as Wout = Wboundary = ∫PdV]
ΔE = - [4000 + (240 x 103) [(0.25) (π) (0.1)2 (0.085)]
ΔE = -4160 J
Engineering Science Department
Khurram Jamal Hashmi Pakistan Navy Engineering College 12 of 17
National University of Sciences & Technology
Lesson # 10 - 12 : Laws of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics I (ME 130)
First Law of Thermodynamics – Numerical Problem
Problem # 3:
Solution: [Note: Complete solution is shown below. The application of the laws start from next slide]
System: Control volume including cylinder-piston arrangements, crankshaft and all mechanical linkages, exhaust
manifold, intake manifold up till the fuel inlet and air inlets. Control volume may be depicted as mixing chamber with
air and fuel entering and exhaust gases leaving.
Known: Inlet flow rates, heat transfer to cooling water and surrounding atmosphere, power output (brake power),
intake mixture temperature and exhaust temperature.
Find: increase in specific enthalpy of mixture stream
Assumptions:
Steady-state steady flow process with uniform properties at inlets and outlets. Although engine operation is
intermittent, but owing to continuous operation with high rpm this assumption is valid.
Changes in kinetic, potential, electrical, electromagnetic and other form of energies (except internal energies) are
negligible.
Engineering Science Department
Khurram Jamal Hashmi Pakistan Navy Engineering College 14 of 17
National University of Sciences & Technology
Lesson # 10 - 12 : Laws of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics I (ME 130)
First Law of Thermodynamics – Numerical Problem
Analysis:
Mass balance for steady-state steady-flow: Σmin - Σmout = 0
1. When any closed system is taken through a cycle, the net work delivered to
the surrounding is proportional to net heat taken from the surroundings.
∫cycleδQ α ∫cycleδW
J∫cycleδQ = ∫cycleδW
The ‘J’ is constant proportionality known as Joule equivalent or mechanical
equivalent of heat. It has value of 1 in SI units and 778 ft-lbf/BTU in US
customary system of units.