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 INDEX
 History of waterfall model.
 Introduction of waterfall model.
 Phases of waterfall model.
 When to use.
 Advantages of waterfall model.
 Disadvantages of waterfall model.
History of waterfall model
 The first formal description of the waterfall
model is often cited as a 1970 article by
Winston W. Royce
 Royce did not use the term “waterfall model “
In this article.
 Royce presented this model as an example
Of a flawed, non-working model.
Introduction of waterfall model
 The waterfall model was first process model to be introduced .
 It also referred to as linear – sequential life cycle model.
 In a waterfall model ,each phase must be completed fully before
the next phase can begin.
 This type of model is basically used for the project which is small
and there are no uncertain requirements.
 At the end of each phase, a review tasks place to determine, if the
project is on the right path and whether or not to continue or
discard the project.
 In this model the testing start only after the development is
completed , in waterfall model phases do not overlap.
PHASES OF WATERFALL MODEL
Waterfall model has 5 different phases, Which are
following.
1) Communication.
2) Planning.
3) Modelling.
4) Construction.
5) Deployment .
Communication • Requirement gathering

• Estimation
Planning • Scheduling
• tracking

• Analysis
Modelling
• Design

• Coding
Construction • testing

• Delivery
Deployment • Support
• Feedback

Fig. - The Waterfall Model

Communication :
In communication the major task is requirement
gathering which helps to find the exact need of
customer.

Planning :
It includes some major activities such as planning
for schedule tasks , track on the process and
estimation related to the project.
Modelling :
modelling is used to analyse the data and as per the
analyse the data and process will be designed.
Construction :
Based on the design of the project according to the
design of the project coding and testing is done.
Deployment :
The product is actually delivered that is installed at
customer’s site. As well as feedback is taken from the
customer to ensure the quality of product.
When To Use
 Requirements of the complete system are clearly
defined and understood.
 Major requirement must be defined.
 There is a need to get a product to market early.
 A new technology is being used.
 Resources with needed skill set are not available.
 There are something risk features and goals.
Advantages Of Waterfall Model
 This model is simple and easy to understand and use.
 It is easy to manage due to the rigidity of the model
each phase has specific deliverables and a review
process.
 In this model phases are processed and completed
one at a time phase do not overlap.
 Waterfall model works well for smaller project where
requirements are very well understood.
Disadvantages Of Waterfall Model
 Once an application is in the testing stage, it is very
difficult to go back and change something that was
not well thought out in the concept stage.
 No working software is produced until late during
the life cycle.
 High amount of risk and uncertainty.
 Major design problems may not be detected early.
 The model implies that once the product is finished ,
everything else is maintenance.
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