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The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses: Powerpoint Lecture Slides
The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses: Powerpoint Lecture Slides
CHAPTER 12
The Lymphatic
System and
Body Defenses
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Lymphatic System
Lymph duct
Lymph trunk
Lymph node
Lymphatic
system
Lymphatic
collecting
vessels,
with valves
Lymph
capillary
Tissue fluid
(becomes
lymph)
• Lymph capillaries
• Walls overlap to form flap-like minivalves
• Fluid leaks into lymph capillaries
• Capillaries are anchored to connective
tissue by filaments
• Higher pressure on the inside closes
minivalves
• Fluid is forced along the vessel
Blood
capillaries
Arteriole Venule
(a)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.2a
Fibroblast in loose
connective tissue
Flaplike
minivalve
Filaments
anchored to
Endothelial connective
cell tissue
(b)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.2b
Lymphatic Vessels
Lymphatics
KEY:
Drained by the right lymphatic duct
Drained by the thoracic duct
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.3
Lymph
Lymphatics
KEY:
Drained by the right lymphatic duct
Drained by the thoracic duct
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.3
Lymph Node Structure
Trabecula
Afferent
Efferent
lymphatic
lymphatic
vessels
vessels
Hilum
Cortex
Medullary sinus
Follicle
Medullary cord
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.4
Flow of Lymph Through Nodes
Spleen (curves
around left side of
stomach)
Peyer’s patches
(in intestine)
Appendix
Neutrophils
1 Enter blood from bone marrow 2 Diapedesis
and roll along the vessel wall
Neutrophils
1 Enter blood from bone marrow 2 Diapedesis
and roll along the vessel wall
Antibodies
attached to
pathogen’s
membrane
Pore
Activated complement proteins attach to pathogen’s MAC pores in the
membrane in step-by-step sequence, forming a membrane lead to
membrane attack complex (a MAC attack). fluid flows that cause
cell lysis.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.10
Cells and Chemicals: Second Line of
Defense
• Interferon
• Proteins secreted by virus-infected cells
• Bind to healthy cell surfaces to interfere with
the ability of viruses to multiply
Thymus
Bone marrow
3 Antigen-activated (mature)
immunocompetent lymphocytes (effector
cells and memory cells) circulate
continuously in the bloodstream and lymph
and throughout the lymphoid organs of the
body.
Immature (naive)
lymphocytes
Thymus
Bone marrow
Thymus
Bone marrow
Thymus
Bone marrow
3 Antigen-activated (mature)
immunocompetent lymphocytes (effector
cells and memory cells) circulate
continuously in the bloodstream and lymph
and throughout the lymphoid organs of the
body.
Plasma Memory
cells B cell
Secreted
antibody
molecules
Secondary Response Subsequent
(can be years later) challenge
by same
Clone of cells antigen results
identical to in more rapid
ancestral cells response
Plasma
cells
Secreted
antibody Memory
molecules B cells
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.12
Relative antibody concentration
Secondary
response
Primary
in blood plasma
response
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (weeks)
Antigen Antigen
injected injected
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.13
Active Immunity
• Monoclonal antibodies
• Antibodies prepared for clinical testing or
diagnostic services
• Produced from descendents of a single cell
line
• Examples of uses for monoclonal antibodies
• Diagnosis of pregnancy
• Treatment after exposure to hepatitis and
rabies
• Antibody structure
• Four amino acid chains linked by disulfide
bonds
• Two identical amino acid chains are linked
to form a heavy chain
• The other two identical chains are light
chains
• Specific antigen-binding sites are present
V
V
V
Light
C
C
chain
Disulfide Heavy
bonds C C
chain
(b)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.15b
Antibodies
• Antibody classes
• Antibodies of each class have slightly different roles
• Five major immunoglobulin classes (MADGE)
• IgM—can fix complement
• IgA—found mainly in mucus
• IgD—important in activation of B cell
• IgG—can cross the placental barrier and fix
complement
• IgE—involved in allergies
• Antibody function
• Antibodies inactivate antigens in a number
of ways
• Complement fixation
• Neutralization
• Agglutination
• Precipitation
Humoral
Self- immunity
Antigen
protein B cell (secretion of
processing
antibodies by
Cytokines plasma cells)
• T cell clones
• Cytotoxic (killer) T cells
• Specialize in killing infected cells
• Insert a toxic chemical (perforin)
• Helper T cells
• Recruit other cells to fight the invaders
• Interact directly with B cells
Target
cell 4 Granzymes enter
membrane the target cell via the
Target Perforin pores and degrade
cell pore cellular contents.
Granzymes
Target
cell
TC cell
membrane
Target
cell
membrane
Target
cell
Target
cell
membrane
Target Perforin
cell pore
Target
cell 4 Granzymes enter
membrane the target cell via the
Target Perforin pores and degrade
cell pore cellular contents.
Granzymes
Target
cell 4 Granzymes enter
membrane the target cell via the
Target Perforin pores and degrade
cell pore cellular contents.
Granzymes
Subsequent (secondary)
responses