Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The Respiratory System: Powerpoint Lecture Slides
The Respiratory System: Powerpoint Lecture Slides
CHAPTER 13
The
Respiratory
System
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Organs of the Respiratory System
• Nose
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Lungs—alveoli
Larynx
Trachea
Left main
Right main (primary)
(primary) bronchus
bronchus Left lung
Right lung
Diaphragm
Larynx
Esophagus • Epiglottis
• Thyroid cartilage
Trachea • Vocal fold
• Cricoid cartilage
Larynx
Esophagus • Epiglottis
• Thyroid cartilage
Trachea • Vocal fold
• Cricoid cartilage
Larynx
Esophagus • Epiglottis
• Thyroid cartilage
Trachea • Vocal fold
• Cricoid cartilage
• Thyroid cartilage
• Largest of the hyaline cartilages
• Protrudes anteriorly (Adam’s apple)
• Epiglottis
• Protects the superior opening of the larynx
• Routes food to the esophagus and air toward
the trachea
• When swallowing, the epiglottis rises and
forms a lid over the opening of the larynx
Larynx
Esophagus • Epiglottis
• Thyroid cartilage
Trachea • Vocal fold
• Cricoid cartilage
Esophagus
Submucosa
Trachealis Lumen of Seromucous
muscle trachea gland in
submucosa
Hyaline
cartilage
Adventitia
Anterior
Apex of lung
Left
superior lobe
Right superior lobe Oblique
Horizontal fissure fissure
Right middle lobe Left inferior
lobe
Oblique fissure
Right inferior lobe
Heart
(in pericardial cavity
of mediastinum)
Diaphragm
Base of lung
(a) Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally.
Apex of lung
Left
superior lobe
Right superior lobe Oblique
Horizontal fissure fissure
Right middle lobe Left inferior
lobe
Oblique fissure
Right inferior lobe
Heart
(in pericardial cavity
of mediastinum)
Diaphragm
Base of lung
(a) Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally.
Apex of lung
Left
superior lobe
Right superior lobe Oblique
Horizontal fissure fissure
Right middle lobe Left inferior
lobe
Oblique fissure
Right inferior lobe
Heart
(in pericardial cavity
of mediastinum)
Diaphragm
Base of lung
(a) Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally.
Terminal
bronchiole Alveolar sac
Alveolar pores
Alveolar duct
Alveolus
• Structures
• Respiratory bronchioles
• Alveolar ducts
• Alveolar sacs
• Alveoli (air sacs)
• Site of gas exchange = alveoli only
Terminal
bronchiole Alveolar sac
Alveolar pores
Alveolar duct
Alveolus
Alveolar pores
Capillary
Macrophage
Nucleus of
squamous
epithelial cell
Respiratory
membrane
Alveolar pores
Capillary O2
CO2
Macrophage
Alveolus
Nucleus of
squamous
epithelial cell
Respiratory Alveolar epithelium
membrane
Fused basement
membranes
Capillary endothelium
Alveolar pores
Capillary O2
CO2
Macrophage
Alveolus
Nucleus of
squamous
epithelial cell
Respiratory Alveolar epithelium
membrane
Fused basement
membranes
Capillary endothelium
Ribs elevated
as external
intercostals
contract
Full inspiration
External (External
intercostal intercostals contract)
muscles
Diaphragm moves
inferiorly during
contraction
(a) Inspiration: Air (gases) flows into
the lungs
to atmospheric pressure
Intrapulmonary
Pressure relative
+1 pressure
–1
–2
(a)
Volume of
breath
0.5
Volume (L)
–0.5
(b)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.8
Expiration
Ribs depressed
as external
intercostals relax
External Expiration
intercostal (External
muscles intercostals relax)
Diaphragm moves
superiorly as
it relaxes
to atmospheric pressure
Intrapulmonary
Pressure relative
+1 pressure
–1
–2
(a)
Volume of
breath
0.5
Volume (L)
–0.5
(b)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.8
Pressure Differences in the Thoracic
Cavity
• Normal pressure within the pleural space is
always negative (intrapleural pressure)
• Differences in lung and pleural space
pressures keep lungs from collapsing
• Residual volume
• Air remaining in lung after expiration
• About 1200 mL
• Vital capacity
• The total amount of exchangeable air
• Vital capacity = TV + IRV + ERV
• Dead space volume
• Air that remains in conducting zone and
never reaches alveoli
• About 150 mL
• Functional volume
• Air that actually reaches the respiratory zone
• Usually about 350 mL
• Respiratory capacities are measured with a
spirometer
5000 Inspiratory
reserve volume
Milliliters (ml)
3100 ml
4000
Vital
capacity
3000 4800 ml Total lung
Tidal volume 500 ml capacity
Expiratory 6000 ml
2000 reserve volume
1200 ml
1000
Residual volume
1200 ml
0
O2 CO2
Loading
of O2 Unloading
of CO2
Hb + O2 HbO2 _
HCO3 + H+ H2CO3 CO2+ H2O
(Oxyhemoglobin Bicar- Carbonic Water
is formed) bonate acid
ion
Plasma
Pulmonary capillary
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.11a
Gas Transport in the Blood
O2 CO2
Loading
of O2 Unloading
of CO2
Hb + O2 HbO2 _
HCO3 + H+ H2CO3 CO2+ H2O
(Oxyhemoglobin Bicar- Carbonic Water
is formed) bonate acid
ion
Plasma
Pulmonary capillary
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.11a
Gas Transport in the Blood
O2 CO2
Loading
of O2 Unloading
of CO2
Hb + O2 HbO2 _
HCO3 + H+ H2CO3 CO2+ H2O
(Oxyhemoglobin Bicar- Carbonic Water
is formed) bonate acid
ion
Plasma
Pulmonary capillary
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.11a
Internal Respiration
Tissue cells
CO2
O2
Loading
Unloading
of CO2
of O2
Systemic capillary
Red blood cell
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.11b
Inspired air: Alveoli
of lungs:
CO2 O2
O2 CO2 O2 CO2
External
respiration
Blood Blood
leaving leaving
tissues and lungs and
entering entering
lungs: tissue
capillaries:
Heart
O2 CO2 Tissue O2 CO2
capillaries
Systemic Systemic
veins arteries
Internal
respiration CO2 O2
Tissue cells:
O2 CO2
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.10
Neural Regulation of Respiration
Breathing
Pons control
centers centers
Medulla
centers
Afferent
Impulses to Efferent nerve impulses from
medulla medulla trigger contraction of
inspiratory muscles Intercostal
Phrenic nerves
Breathing control centers nerves
stimulated by:
O2 sensor
in aortic body Diaphragm
CSF in of aortic arch
brain
sinus
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.12
Non-Neural Factors Influencing
Respiratory Rate and Depth
• Physical factors
• Increased body temperature
• Exercise
• Talking
• Coughing
• Volition (conscious control)
• Emotional factors
• Hyperventilation
• Results from increased CO2 in the blood
(acidosis)
• Breathing becomes deeper and more rapid
• Blows off more CO2 to restore normal blood
pH
• Hypoventilation
• Results when blood becomes alkaline
(alkalosis)
• Extremely slow or shallow breathing
• Allows CO2 to accumulate in the blood