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The Constant Strain Triangle (CST) (Lec 14)
The Constant Strain Triangle (CST) (Lec 14)
The Constant Strain Triangle (CST) (Lec 14)
Prof. Suvranu De
Constant Strain
Triangle (CST)
Reading assignment:
Summary:
u 1
v
1
u 2
u (x, y) N 1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0 v 2
u
v (x, y) 0 N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N 4 u 3
v 3
u 4
v
uNd 4
TASK 2: APPROXIMATE THE STRAIN and STRESS WITHIN
EACH ELEMENT
εBd
Summary: For each element
Displacement approximation in terms of shape functions
uNd
V ST
f f
b S
Constant Strain Triangle (CST) : Simplest 2D finite element
v1
v3
1 u1
(x1,y1) (x3,y3)
v2 v u3
y u 3
(x,y)
u2
2 (x2,y2)
u (x,y) N1u1 N 2 u 2 N 3u 3
v(x,y) N1v1 N 2 v 2 N 3 v 3
u1
v
1
u (x, y) N 1 0 N2 0 N3 0 u 2
u
v (x, y) 0 N1 0 N2 0 N 3 v 2
u 3
u 21 N 26 d 61 v 3
N1 0 N2 0 N3 0
N
0 N1 0 N2 0 N 3
Formula for the shape functions are
a1 b1 x c1 y
v1 N1
v3 2A
1 u1 a 2 b2 x c 2 y
(x1,y1) (x3,y3) N2
v2 v u3 2A
u 3 a3 b3 x c3 y
y (x,y) N3
2A
where u2
2 (x2,y2)
x
1 x 1 y1
1
A area of triangle det 1 x 2 y 2
2
1 x 3 y 3
a1 x 2 y 3 x3 y 2 b1 y 2 y 3 c1 x3 x 2
a 2 x3 y1 x1 y 3 b2 y 3 y1 c 2 x1 x3
a3 x1 y 2 x 2 y1 b3 y1 y 2 c3 x 2 x1
Properties of the shape functions:
1
2 2
x
1 at node ' i '
Ni
0 at other nodes
2. At every point in the domain
N
i 1
i 1
3
N x
i 1
i i x
3
N y
i 1
i i y
3. Geometric interpretation of the shape functions
At any point P(x,y) that the shape functions are evaluated,
A1
N1
A
A2
N2
P (x,y)
A
1 A3
A2 N3
y
A3
A1 3 A
x
Approximation of the strains
u
x
x
v
y Bd
y
xy u v
y x
DB d
IMPORTANT NOTE:
1. The displacement field is continuous across element
boundaries
2. The strains and stresses are NOT continuous across element
boundaries
Element stiffness matrix
t
k e B D B dV
T
V
Since B is constant
A
k B D B e dV B D B At
T T t=thickness of the element
V A=surface area of the element
Element nodal load vector
f e N X dV e N T S dS
T T
V ST
f f
b S
Element nodal load vector due to body forces
f b e N X dV t e N X dA
T T
V A
t N X dA
b1x
f Ae
1 a
fb1y
fb3y f t e N1 X b dA
1 fb1x b1 y A
f b 2 x t e N 2 X a dA
Xb fb3x fb
A
fb2y Xa
y (x,y)
3 f b 2 y t Ae N 2 X b dA
f b3 x
fb2x t Ae N 3 X a dA
2 f b 3 y
x
t Ae N 3 X b dA
EXAMPLE:
t N X dA
f b1x Ae
1 a
tA
t e N 1 dA 3
f t e N1 X b dA A
b1 y A 0 0
f b 2 x t e N 2 X a dA t N dA tA
fb Ae 2 3
A
e N T S dS
T
f S ST
EXAMPLE:
fS1y
fS3y f t N
T
T S dS
1 S l1 3 e
along 13
fS1x fS3x
y 3
x
Element nodal load vector due to traction
EXAMPLE:
fS2y f S t
T
e
N T S dS
l 2 3 along 2 3
(2,2)
2 fS2x
y f S2 x t N 2 along 23 (1) dy 1
1
e
l23
TS
0 1 2
fS3y t 2 1 t
2
1 3 fS3x x
Similarly, compute
(0,0) (2,0)
f S2 y 0
f S3 x t
f S3 y 0
Recommendations for use of CST
1 0 3.2 0.8 0
E 0.8 3.2 0 107 psi
D 1 0
1 2 1
0 0 0 0 1.2
2
Node x y
1 3 0 Nodal coordinates
2 3 2
3 0 2
4 0 0
Step 2: Compute strain-displacement matrices for the elements
c1 3 c2 3 c3 0
4(3) 1(1) Therefore 2 0 0 0 2 0
1
(local numbers within brackets) B 0 3 0 3 0 0
(1)
6
3 2 3 0 0 2
For Element #2:
2 0 0 0 2 0
1
B 0 3 0 3 0 0
( 2)
6
3 2 3 0 0 2
Step 3: Compute element stiffness matrices
1 .2 0 . 2 0
0.5333 0
0.2
u1 v1 u2 v2 u4 v4
( 2) ( 2) T ( 2) ( 2) T ( 2)
k At B D B (3)(0.5)B DB
0.9833 0.5 0.45 0.2 0.5333 0.3
1 . 4 0. 3 1 . 2 0 .2 0. 2
0.45 0 0 0.3
10 7
1 .2 0 . 2 0
0.5333 0
0.2
u3 v3 u4 v4 u2 v2
Step 4: Assemble the global stiffness matrix corresponding to the nonzero degrees of
freedom
Notice that
u3 v3 u4 v4 v1 0
Hence we need to calculate only a small (3x3) stiffness matrix
f1x 0
f f2x 0
f f
2y 2y
f 2 y 1000 f S 2 y
f S2 y
3
N 3 3 2 (300)tdx x
x 0
N 2 3 2
3
3
(300)(0.5) N 3 3 2 dx
x 0
x 3 3 2
150 dx
x 0 3
3
x2 9
50 50 225 lb
2 0 2
Hence
f 2 y 1000 f S 2 y
1225 lb
Step 6: Solve the system equations to obtain the unknown nodal loads
Kd f
Solve to get
4
u2 0.1069 10 in
v 0.9084 10 4 in
2
Step 7: Compute the stresses in the elements
In Element #1
(1) (1) (1)
DB d
With
u1 v1 u2 v2 u4 v4
(1) T
d
0.2337 10 4 0 0.1069 10 4 0.9084 10 4 0 0
Calculate
114 .1
1391.1 psi
(1)
76.1
In Element #2
( 2) ( 2) ( 2)
DB d
With
u3 v3 u4 v4 u2 v2
( 2)T
d
0 0 0 0 0.1069 10 4 0.9084 10 4
Calculate
114 .1
28.52 psi
( 2)
363.35