LTE CHANNEL CONCEPT &

PHYSICAL LAYER DESIGN

BY SANDEEP RATHORE & AMIT BUTOLA

AGENDA
 OFDMA & SC-FDMA Concept
 LTE Resource Structure
 LTE Downlink Common Control Channels and
Signals
 LTE Downlink Physical Data Channel
 LTE Uplink Physical Data and Control Channel
 LTE Uplink Signals
LTE EVOLUTION
Advancement in Access
Techniques
CDMA & OFDMA
Comparison
Frequency Domain
Configurations
Frequency Domain
Configurations
Channel Bandwidth
Frequency Domain
Configurations
Radio Interface Structure
OFDMA Transmitter and
Receiver
OFDMA Transmitter
OFDMA Receiver
SC-FDMA Transmitter and
Receiver
OFDMA & SC-FDMA
Comparison
Peak to Average Power Ratio
 It is desired to operate the PA in the linear region. To avoid the high
peaks, average input power may be decreased. Operating region of
the PA is called input back-off and the resultant signal is guaranteed
to be in output back-off range. High input back off reduces the power
efficiency and would mandate the cost of the PA higher, since input
back- off is usually greater than or equal to the PAPR of the signal.
Ideally, the average and peak values should be as close as can be in
order to maximize the efficiency of the PA. PAPR mitigation relaxes
the PA back off requirements as well as the high resolution
requirements on ADC and DAC.
To have distortion less transmission, the PAs require a back off,
which is approximately equal to the PAPR. This decreases the
efficiency for amplifiers and increases the cost. High PAPR also
requires high range and precision for the analog-to-digital converter
PA Characteristics
PA Characteristics Contd..
OFDMA BENEFITS AND
DRAWBACKS
Cyclic Prefix
LTE Physical Resources
LTE Physical Resources
Contd.. f = 15 kHz
12 sub-carriers
One Resource Block
12 x 7 = 84 resource elements

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LTE Physical Resources
12 sub-carriers f = 15 kHz
One Scheduling Block
180 kHz and 1 ms

On
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LTE Physical Resources
LTE UL/DL Resource Grid
Definitions
LTE UL/DL Resource Grid
Definitions
LTE Frame Structure
DL Resource Allocation
UL Resource Allocation
Channel Architecture
PHYSICAL CHANNEL &
PHYSICAL SIGNAL
Channel Mapping
PHYSICAL SIGNALS
CHANNEL MAPPING DOWNLINK
CHANNEL MAPPING UPLINK
LTE Modulation schemes for LTE
downlink and uplink
LTE Downlink Physical Signals
LTE Uplink Physical Signals
LTE Downlink Physical Channels
LTE Downlink Physical Channels Contd..
LTE Uplink Physical Channels
PBCH
PBCH Structure
PBCH Design Requirement
Detectable without
prior knowledge of
system bandwidth

Reliable
reception right to Low system
the edge of the overhead
LTE cells

Decodable with
low latency and
low impact on UE
battery life.
LTE NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

The PBCH only to the central 72 subcarriers of the OFDM

signal (which corresponds to the minimum possible LTE
system bandwidth), regardless of the actual system
bandwidth.
Low system overhead for the PBCH is achieved by
deliberately keeping the amount of information carried on
the PBCH to a minimum.
The main mechanisms employed to facilitate reliable
reception of the PBCH in LTE are time diversity, forward
error correction coding and antenna diversity
 Low Latency is achieved: If SIR is low UE may decode
the MIB correctly from transmission in less than Four radio
BCCH MAPPING
Master Information & System
Information Blocks
MIB & SIBs Contd..
MIB & SIB’s Periodicity
LTE Control & Data Region
 PCFICH
 The PCFICH carries a Control Format Indicator (CFI) which
indicates the number of OFDM symbols (i.e. normally 1, 2 or 3) used
for transmission of control channel information in eachsubframe.
 Correct decoding of the PCFICH information is thus essential. If
the PCFICH is incorrectly decoded, the terminal will neither know
how to process the control channels nor where the data region starts
for the corresponding subframe
The size of the control region is unknown until the PCFICH is
decoded, the PCFICH is always mapped to the first OFDM symbol of
each subframe.
 PCFICH-to-resource-element mapping depends on the cell
identity to reduce the risk of inter-cell PCFICH collisions. thereby
improving the performance of PCFICH power boosting as a tool to
control the error rate.
PCFICH processing
PCFICH Processing
PHICH
 The Physical Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) in
the downlink carries Hybrid ARQ (HARQ)
acknowledgements (ACK/NACK) for uplink data transfers.
PHICHs are located in the first OFDM symbol of each
sub frame.
Specific PHICH is identified by two parameters: the
PHICH group number, and the orthogonal sequence index
within the group.
PHICHs which share the same resources are called a
PHICH group
Multiple PHICHs can share the same set of REGs and are
differentiated by orthogonal covers or orthogonal
PHICH Processing
PHICH Processing
PDCCH
PDCCH is used to carry DCI where DCI includes;
–Downlink scheduling assignments, including PDSCH resource indication,
transport format, HARQ-related information, and control information related to
SM (if applicable).
–Uplink scheduling grants, including PUSCH resource indication, transport
format, and HARQ-related information.
–Uplink power control commands
DL assignment
–Regular unicast data – RB assignment, transport block size, RSN
–Scheduling of paging messages – acts as a “PICH”
–Scheduling of SIBs
–Scheduling of RA responses
–UL power control commands
UL grant
–Regular unicast data
–Request for aperiodic CQI reports
–Power control command, cyclic shift of DM RS
•Tx diversity, the same antenna ports as PBCH
•Mapped to REG not assigned to PCFICH or PHICH
PDCCH Processing
DCI Format
DCI Format Contd..
DCI FORMAT 0
› DCI format 0 is used for the transmission of UL-SCH assignments.
› The following information is transmitted by means of the DCI format 0:
› - [Flag for format0/format1A differentiation – 1 bit]
› - Hopping flag – 1 bit
› - Resource block assignment and hopping resource allocation – bits
› - Transport format
› - Retransmission sequence number
› - TPC command for scheduled PUSCH – 2 bits
› - [Cyclic shift for DM RS]
› - [Transmit antenna selection]
› - UL index (this field just applies to TDD operation)
DCI FORMAT 1
› DCI format 1 is used for the transmission of DL-SCH assignments for
SIMO operation.
› The following information is transmitted by means of the DCI format 1:
› - Distributed transmission flag – 1 bit
› - Resource allocation header
› - Resource block assignment – bits, where the value of P depends on
the number of DL resource blocks
› - Transport format
› - HARQ process number
› - Retransmission sequence number
› - TPC command for PUCCH and persistent PUSCH – 2 bits
DCI FORMAT 1A
› DCI format 1A is used for a compact transmission of DL-SCH
assignments for SIMO operation.
› The following information is transmitted by means of the DCI format
1A:
› - [Flag for format0/format1A differentiation – 1 bit]
› - Distributed transmission flag – 1 bit
› - Resource block assignment – up to bits
› - Transport format
› - HARQ process number
› - Retransmission sequence number
› - TPC command for PUCCH and persistent PUSCH – 2 bits
 DCI FORMAT 2
› DCI format 2 is used for the transmission of DL-SCH assignments for MIMO operation.
› The following information is transmitted by means of the DCI format 2:
› In general:
› - Distributed transmission flag – 1 bit
› - Resource allocation header
› - Resource block assignment – bits, where the value of P depends on the number of DL
resource blocks.
› - TPC command for PUCCH and persistent PUSCH – 2 bits
› - [Number of layers]
› For the first codeword:
› - Transport format
› - HARQ process number
› - Retransmission sequence number
› For the second codeword:
› - Transport format
› - [HARQ process number]
› - [Retransmission sequence number]
DCI FORMAT 3
› DCI format 3 is used for the transmission of TPC commands for
PUCCH and PUSCH with 2-bit power adjustments.
› The following information is transmitted by means of the DCI format 3:
› TPC command for user 1, user 2,…, user N
DCI FORMAT 3A
› DCI format 3A is used for the transmission of TPC commands for
PUCCH and PUSCH with single bit power adjustments.
› The following information is transmitted by means of the DCI format
3A:
› - TPC command for user 1, user 2,…, user 2N
CCE aggregation and PDCCH
multiplexing.
Why do we need multiple aggregation
levels
› First, to increase the granularity of the resource
utilization, instead of a "one size fits all" solution.
› Second, to accommodate different RF conditions. The
ratio between the DCI size and the PDCCH size
indicates the effective coding rate. With the DCI format
fixed, higher aggregation levels provide more robust
coding and reliability for the UEs under poor RF
conditions. For a UE in good RF conditions, lower
aggregation levels can save resources.
› Third, to differentiate DCIs for control messages and
DCIs for UE traffic. Higher aggregation levels can be
used for control message resource allocations to provide
 Blind Decoding of PDCCHs
The UE is only informed of the number of OFDM symbol
within the control region of a subframe and is not provided
with the location of its corresponding PDCCH. The UE
finds its PDCCH by monitoring a set of PDCCH
candidates in every subframe. This is referred to as blind
decoding. The UE de-masks each control candidate's CRC
using its Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI). If
no CRC error is detected, the UE consider it as a
successful decoding attempt and reads the control
information within the successful candidate.
 Blind Decoding of PDCCHs
The UE is required to perform blind decoding at PDCCH
payload as it is not aware of the detailed control channel
structure, including the number of control channels and the
number of CCEs to which each control channel is mapped.
Multiple PDCCHs can be transmitted in a single subframe
which may and may not be all relevant to a particular UE.
The UE finds the PDCCH specific to it by monitoring a set
of PDCCH candidates (a set of consecutive CCEs on
which PDCCH could be mapped) in every subframe. The
UE uses its Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI)
to try and decode candidates. The RNTI is used to damask
a PDCCH candidate's CRC. If no CRC error is detected
 Search spaces in LTE
The Base Station (BS) determines a PDCCH format to
be transmitted to the UE, creates an appropriate DCI and
attaches a CRC. The CRC is then masked with an RNTI
according to the owner or usage of PDCCH. If the PDCCH
is for a specific UE, the CRC will be masked with a UE
unique identifier, for example a Cell-RNTI (C-RNTI). If
the PDCCH contains paging information, the CRC will be
masked with a paging indication identifier i.e. Paging-
RNTI (P-RNTI). If the PDCCH contains system
information, a system information identifier i.e. a system
information-RNTI (SI-RNTI) will be used to mask the
CRC
 Search spaces in LTE
Search Space
A search space is a set of candidate control channels
formed by CCEs on a given aggregation level, which the
terminal is supposed to attempt to decode.
UE specific
Two terminals can not be addressed on same aggregation
level as search spaces used by one terminal can not be
used by other terminal so terminal specific spaces are
required
Common search spaces
 To allow all terminals to be addressed at the same time,
LTE has defined common search spaces in addition to the
Search spaces in LTE
With the possibilities of different RNTIs, PDCCH
candidates, DCI and PDCCH formats, a significant
number of attempts may be required to successfully
decode the PDCCH. To overcome this complexity the UE
first tries to blindly decode the first CCE in the control
channel candidate set of a subframe. If the blind decoding
fails, the UE tries to blindly decode the first 2, 4 then 8
CCEs sequentially, where the starting location is fixed for
common search case and is given by hash function, as
defined in TS 36.231 clause 9, for UE-specific case
CCE aggregation and PDCCH multiplexing.
The number of candidates and size of the
search space for each aggregation level
CCE aggregation and PDCCH
multiplexing.
 The size of the control region in the subframe equals
three OFDM symbols
 One PHICH group is configured and three resource-
element groups are therefore used by the PHICHs.
First, the PCFICH is mapped to four resource element
groups
The resource-element groups required for the PHICH are
mapped
The resource-element groups left after the PCFICH and
PHICH are used for the different PDCCHs
Depending on the inter-cell interference situation,
fractional loading of the control region may be desirable

Search spaces in two
terminals.
DL-SCH processing
Cell search
› Find a cell
› Find timing of found cell
› Find physical-layer cell identity of found cell
 Downlink reference-signal structure of found cell
- Timing
- Sequence
- Frequency shift
 Possible to read BCH
Physical-layer Cell Identity
› Corresponds to a specific reference-signal sequence
– Similar to WCDMA CPICH
– 510 different reference-signal sequences  510 different Cell Identities
› 170 Cell-Identity groups with 3 Cell Identities per group
 3 RS sequences ”per group”

Group #0 Group #1 Group #2 Group #169

ID0 ID3 ID6 ID507
ID1 ID2 ID4 ID5 ID7 ID8 ID508 ID509

 For normal CP: Cell IDs within a group correspond to the same Pseudo-random
RS sequence, i.e. different Orthogonal RS sequences
 Each Cell ID corresponds to a certain RS Frequency Shift
 Cell search – Synchronization
signals
 Two synchronization signals transmitted once every 5 ms

One frame (10 ms)

”Cell search procedure”
› Detect PSS
– 5 ms timing found
– Cell ID (within Cell ID group) found
6 resorce blocks › Detect SSS
– Frame timing found
PSS SSS – Cell ID group found

 Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS)

– Subframe #0 and #5
– Centre six resource blocks (72 subcarriers)
– OFDM symbol #6  Frame timing found

 Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS)  Reference-signal structure found

– Subframe #0 and #5  BCH location found
– Centre six resource blocks (72 subcarriers)
– OFDM symbol #5  Possible to read BCH
Introduction
› Zadoff － Chu (CAZAC) sequence is widely used in LTE
system, and this document gives a brief introduction of this
sequence, illustrates its main properties, and help
understand the reason why LTE uses this sequence in the
system construction
Zadoff-Chu (CAZAC)
› Definition
 j 2 M n  1 
cM (n)  exp  (n  qn)  if L is odd
 L 2 
 j 2 M n 2 
cM (n)  exp  (  qn)  if L is even
 L 2 

› Properties cM (n)  1
– constant amplitude: , this means the PAPR of the
sequence is zero.c ( L  n)  c ( n)
M M
– self-invertible:
Zadoff-Chu (CAZAC)
– optimal autocorrelation features
– ideal unfiltered and filtered Fourier transforms: the outputs of
FFT (or IFFT) of CAZAC sequences are still CAZAC sequences,
and the autocorrelation is still kept.
1 1
CAZAC FFT(CAZAC)
0.9 0.9

0.8 0.8
autocorrelation value (normalized)

autocorrelation value (normalized)

0.7 0.7

0.6 0.6

0.5 0.5

0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
r r
 Zadoff-Chu (CAZAC)
– autocorrelation and cross-correlation feature compared with
other Sequences
Note: sequence length is N=61

N
15 m
60
Gold
m
SK
50 Gold 10
LK
SK
CAZAC
40 LK

cross-correlation value(r)
5
autocorrelation value(r)

CAZAC
30
0

20
-5
10
-10
0
N
-15
-10
0
-20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
r r
UL control signaling
PUCCH formats and contents
PUCCH formats and contents
UL control signaling
CQI (channel quality indicator) is an indication of
the downlink
mobile radio channel quality as experienced by this UE.
Essentially,
the UE is proposing to the eNodeB an optimum
modulation scheme
and coding rate to use for a given radio link quality, so
that the
resulting transport block error rate would not exceed
10%. 16
combinations of modulation scheme and coding rate are
specified
as possible CQI values. The UE may report different
UL control signaling
PMI (precoding matrix indicator) is an indication
of the optimum
precoding matrix to be used in the base station for a
given radio
condition. The network configures the number of
resource blocks
that are represented by a PMI report. Thus to cover
the full
bandwidth, multiple PMI reports may be needed.
RI (rank indication) is the number of useful
transmission layers
when spatial multiplexing is used. In case of transmit
diversity, rank
CQI
CQI
›Channel Quality is an index that is
communicated to the eNodeB B that indicates
link adaption Parameters.
›Code Rate is the Ratio between data bits and
(the data bits+redundancy).
›Efficiency is the effective number of bits per
symbol.
Rank Transmission
Rank Transmission
Rank Transmission
Rank Transmission
CHANNEL MAPPING
UPLINK
CHANNEL MAPPING
UPLINK
UL control signaling
LTE Requirements