Urban Policy Planning Framework

4 2
Policies and Goals and
Programs Objectives

Inputs Urban Outputs

System

External Undesirable
Forces Results
3 5

Sumber : Brian Berry (1973)

 4 Types of Approaches to Planning
(Strategy/ Style)

1. Exploitive Opportunity – Seeking

2. Ameliorative Problem Solving
3. Allocative Trend – Modifying
4. Normative Goal - Oriented
1. EXPLOITIVE OPPORTUNITY – SEEKING
 Used by Small Cities
 Attempting to quickly develop an economic base
 Both policy makers and leaders of private industry seek ways to develop
and maximize profits without great regard for the consequences of
growth of future problems that may be created by it. (5)
 Is not adequate for large urban areas

2. AMELIORATIVE PROBLEM SOLVING

(Ameliorative - Bersifat Memperbaiki)
• Short – Term reactive planning style
“putting out fires”
taking care of emergencies on a day – to – day basis with no time to
develop long – range plans
• This type of planning usually is the result of a greatly understaffed or
underfunded planning department, or an urban system (1) where there
is a rapid turnover of elected officials producing a lack of continuity.
• Is not adequate for large urban areas.
3. ALLOCATIVE TREND - MODIFYING
 Considerable effort and cost are expended to measure the past trend in
population, land use, housing and transportation (4) and these are then
projected into the future.
by predicting the future urban condition, urban policy makers then
allocate resources in the best possible fashion before the changes have
taken place so as to avoid major conflicts or undesirable results. (5)
 This allows the city to modify existing trend to gain the desired results
(2) through regulatory process (ex : zoning)
 Typical of large North American cities in the 1991

4. NORMATIVE GOAL – ORIENTED

• Normative = developing the best possible outcome and adjusting
the urban system to meet this outcome in the future.
• A long – range planning process
firm goals and objectives are established and regulatory mechanisms
are adjusted in accordance with them to develop the ideal urban system
The System Design Planning Process

Problem definition

Requirement for solution

Goals - Objectives

Feedback
Generation of alternative
Data – Methods – Forecast

Evaluation of alternatives

Selection of best alternative

Implementation
1. PROBLEM DEFINITION
Most important because it says that users are dissatisfied with the present operation of the
urban system (or expect to be dissatisfied if the process continues as observed) and want to see
a better management of the functioning of urban system in the future.

2. REQUIREMENT FOR SOLUTION

• A board step encompasses several important stages
• Requires understanding of urban system as it currently exists, on – going process, never
fully completed.
 Formulated goals and objectives for the urban system.
Goal are broad in scopy, while
Objectives more specific
Ex :
Goals to improve access and reduce congestion
Objective to provide express bus lanes and service in major travel
corridors
5 (five) set of goals (John Levy):
1. Political goals
2. Economic goals
3. Social goals
4. Environmental goals
5. Redistributive goals
3. GENERATION OF ALTERNATIVES
A set of alternatives plans offering various courses of action should strongly reflect the goals
and objectives from the previous step (2).

4. EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES
• To ascertain what would happen if an alternative were implemented.
• Sometimes, this is done by observing what has happened in another city where such an
alternative has already been tried out.
 Unique
 Need professional judgment
 Modeling

5. SELECTION OF THE BEST ALTERNATIVE

Method : Benefit Cost Analysis (BCA)
Planning Balance Sheet
Goal Attainment matrix
 Four Policy – Making Styles
Planning for Present
Planning for The Future
Concerns
Reacting to Past Problems Responding to Predicted Futures Creating Desired Future
Ameliorative Allocative Trend - Exploitive Normative Goal -
Problem – Solving Modifying Opportunity – Seeking Oriented
Planning for the Present Planning towards the Planning with the Future Planning from the
Future Future
Planning Analyse problems, design Determine and make Determine and make the Decide on the future
Mode interventions, allocate the best of trends and most of trends and desired and allocate
resources accordingly. allocate resources in allocate resources so as resources so that trends
accordance with to take advantage of are changed or created
desires to promote or what is to come. accordingly. Desired
alter them. future may be based on
present, predicted or
new values.
‘Present” or Ameliorate Present A Sense of Hope A Sense of Triumphing A Sense of Creating
Short Range Problems Over Fate destiny
Results
New allocations shift New allocations shift New allocations shift
activities activities activities
“Future” or Haphazardly Modify the Gently Balance and Unbalance and Modify Extensively Modify the
long Range future by reducing the modify the future by the future by taking Future by aiming for
Results of future burden and sequelae avoiding predicted advantage of predicted what could be “ Change
Actions of present problems problems and happening, avoiding the predictions” by
achieving a “balance” some problems and changing values or
progress to avoid cashing in on others goals, match outcomes
creating major without major concern to desires, avoid or
bottlenecks and new for emergence of new change problems to
problems. problems. ones easier to handle or
tolerate.

Sumber : Brian Berry, 1978 : 508