Health Statistics and Epidemiology

HEALTH STATISTICS
AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
SHAMOON, TANGONAN, YBANEZ
TOOLS
1. Demography
2. Health Indicator
DEMOGRAPHY
Study of population size,
composition & spatial
distribution as affected by
births, deaths &
migration.
Maglaya, A.S (2013) Nursing Practice in the Community 5th Edition
Sources of Demographic Data
Primary Data – refers to the original data collected for
a specific purpose by a researcher.
Secondary Data – are data that are collected by other

individuals and/or institution for some specific
purposes.
Advantages
Primary
• Has greater control over quality
• Less difficult in stratifying the indicators according to
population subgroups.
• Greater temporal and spatial comparability of
indicators.
Advantages
Secondary
• Lower cost, and greater timelines of data and
indicators

Disadvantages
Primary
• Greater cost in time and money to obtain data.

Disadvantages
Secondary
• More analytic effort required to extract, define, and
interpret.
• Greater difficulty stratifying the indicators according
to population

Examples
Primary
• Survey
• Census

Two (2) ways of assigning people
De Jure - people are assigned to places where they
usually live regardless of where they are at the time of the
census
De Facto - people are assigned to the place where they
are physically present at the time of the census, regardless
of their usual place of residence

Examples
Secondary
• Continuing Population Registers
• Other records & Registration Systems

Components of Demography
Population Composition - pertains to all measurable

characteristics of the people who make up a given
population.

a.Sex Ratio
Is computed by dividing the number of males over the

number of females then multiplied by 100

b. Age-dependency Ratio
Used as an index of age-induced economic drain on

human resources.

c. Age and Sex Composition
Graphical presentation of the age and sex composition

of a population through the use of a POPULATION
PYRAMID

Population Pyramid
also called an "age-gender-pyramid", is a graphical

illustration that shows the distribution of various age
groups in a population which forms the shape of
a pyramid when the population is growing.

d. Median Age
Age below which 50% of the population fall and above

which 50% of the population fall.

e. Life Expectancy at Birth
Is the average number of years an infant is expected to

live under the mortality conditions for a given year.

Population Distribution - the way in which people are

spread across a given area.

a. Urban-Rural Distribution
Shows the proportion of people living in urban

compared to the rural areas

b. Crowding Index
Indicates the ease by which a communicable disease can

be transmitted from one host to another susceptible host

c. Population Density
Determines congestion of the places.

Population Size – is the number of individuals in a

population.

a. Natural Increase
Difference between the number of births and the

number of deaths that occurred in a specific population
within a specified period of time

a. Rate of Natural Increase
Difference between CBR and CDR of a specific

population within a specified time

HEALTH STATISTICS
The application of
statistical measures to
vital events that is utilized
to gauge the levels of
health, illness and health
services of a community
HEALTH INDICATORS
A list of information which
would determine the health
of a particular community
like population, crude birth
rate, crude death rate,
infant and maternal death
rates, neonatal death rates
and tuberculosis death rate
Crude Birth Rate
Measures how fast people are added to
the population through birth.
Formula: CBR

Where:
CBR – Crude Birth Rate
B – Total Number of live births
P – Total population at the midpoint of the time period
K – is a constant, usually taken as 1000
Sumile, E.F, et at., (2020) Community and Public Health Nursing 2 nd Philippine Edition (pg.
153)
Crude Death Rate
Represents the total or overall death rate in a
given population. The number of death per
1000 person.
Formula: CDR

Where:
CDR – Crude Birth Rate
B – Total Number of deaths
P – Total population at the midpoint of the time period
155)
Infant Mortality Rate
Is the number of deaths per 1,000 live birth of
children under one year of age.
Formula: IMR

Where:
IMR – Infant Mortality Rate
d<1 – Is the number of deaths of to live born infant under 1 year old
B – Total number of live births
156)
Maternal Mortality Rate
Refers to the deaths due to complications from
pregnancy or childbirth
Formula: MMR

Where:
MMR – Maternal Mortality Rate
dmd – Direct maternal death
dmi – Indirect maternal death
B – Total number of live births
K – is a constant, usually taken as 10,000 or 100,000
156)
Specific Mortality Rate
Represents a subset of the population or with
particular classes of deaths.
Formula: SMR

Where:
SMR – Specific Mortality Rate
di – Death occurring on the ith class
pi – Total population of the ith class
K – is a constant, usually taken as 100,000
155)
Leading Causes of Morbidity
In 2017, the morbidity of
acute upper respiratory
disease among Filipinos was
approximately 2.4 million.
The morbidity rate of acute
respiratory disease was
around 2.3 thousand per Source: statista.com
100,000 population in the
Philippines.
Leading Causes of Mortality
The world’s biggest killer is
ischemic heart disease, responsible
for 16% of the world’s total deaths.
Since 2000, the largest increase in
deaths has been for this disease,
rising by more than 2 million to 8.9
million deaths in 2019.
Source: who.int
Leading Causes of Mortality
Stroke and chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease are the 2nd and
3rd leading causes of death,
responsible for approximately 11%
and 6% of total deaths respectively.
Source: who.int
Life Expectancy
The current life
expectancy for
Philippines in 2021
is 71.41 years, a 0.18%
increase from 2020.
Source: theglobalgraph.com
Philippine Health Situation
The Philippines has made
significant investments and
advances in health in recent
years. Rapid economic growth
and strong country capacity
have contributed to Filipinos Source: who.int
living longer and healthier.

Health insurance now covers
92% of the population.
Maternal and child health
services have improved.
Source: who.int
As of September 2020,
Philippines has a population
of nearly 10 million and
16.6% of the population
lived below the national
poverty line.
Source: who.int
The World Health
Organization supports the
Philippine Government's
Covid-19 response by
strengthening the Bureau of
Quarantine, Source: doh.gov.ph
which ensures that points of

entry into the country are
safe from the spread of
infectious disease and
inspect health conditions. Source: doh.gov.ph
(Demography)
Source: doh.gov.ph
(Demography)
Source: doh.gov.ph
Philippine Health Situation (Demography)
Source: doh.gov.ph
Source: doh.gov.ph
Source: doh.gov.ph
Source: doh.gov.ph
Philippine Health Situation (Covid-19
Pandemic)
Source: worldometer.com
Epidemiology and the Nurse
EPIDEMIOLOGY – The study of the distribution and
determination of health-related states or events in
specified population and control of health problem
(Last, 2001). It focuses on the frequency and pattern of
health events in the population.
140)
Communicable Disease – are spread from one person

to another through a variety of ways such as: Physical
contact, vectors (such as insect bites) , contaminated
food or water, or airborne.
140)
Noncommunicable Disease – are chronic disease

which are the result of a combination of genetic,
physiological, environmental, and behavioral factors.
140)
Level of Disease Occurrence (CDC)
Sporadic – refers to a disease that occurs infrequently
and irregularly.
Endemic – refers to the constant presence and/or usual

prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a
population within a geographic area
142)
Hyperendemic – refers to persistent, high levels of
disease occurrence.
Epidemic – increase, often sudden, in the number of

cases of a disease above what is normal and expected
142)
Outbreak – same as epidemic but often used for a more
limited geographic area.
Cluster – refers to an aggregation of cases grouped in

place and time that are suspected to be greater that the
number expected.
142)
Pandemic – refers to an epidemic that has spread over
several countries or continents, usually affecting a large
number of people. (e.g. COVID-19)
142)
Natural History of Disease
Refers to the sequence of

events that happen one after
another, over a period of
time, in a person who is not
receiving treatment.
142)
Chain of Infection
The traditional epidemiologic
triad model holds that
infectious diseases result from
the interaction of agent, host,
and environment.
Source: cdc.gov
Epidemiologic Triad
Is the traditional model for
infectious disease, consisting
of susceptible host, an
external agent and an
environment that brings that
host and agent together.
143)
Descriptive Phase
Deals with the collection, organization, and analysis of

data regarding the occurrence of disease other health
conditions

Verification of a Diagnosis
Stating one’s definition of a disease/diagnosis based on

the presenting signs and symptoms

• Consider Two (2) Factor:
1. Sensitivity – indicates the strength of association

between a sign/ symptom and the disease; picks up most
cases and avoids FALSE NEGATIVES.

• Consider Two (2) Factor:
2. Specificity – shows the uniqueness of the association

between a sign/ symptom and the disease; excludes non
cases or avoids FALSE POSITIVES

Description of the Disease/Condition
• Factors Affecting Distribution

1. Place – extrinsic factors
2. Person – intrinsic characteristics such as age, sex,
genetic endowment and other factors such as occupation,
place of residence, income are analyzed to identify
susceptible groups in a certain locality
• Factors Affecting the Community’s Reaction to
Disease Agent Invasion
1. Herd Immunity – state of resistance of a population

group to a particular disease at a given time; level of
immunity of the group.
• Factors Affecting the Community’s Reaction to
Disease Agent Invasion
2. Susceptibility Status – determined by the number of

individuals with little or no immunity

Analysis of Disease Pattern
One tries to find out if there is a statistical relationship

between a disease and biological or social factors

• Causal – when there is evidence that shows that certain

factors increase the probability of occurrence of a
disease and a change in one or more of these factors
produces a change in the occurrence of the disease

• Non Causal
a. Spurious – due to chance or bias caused by certain
procedures/ aspects involved in study
b. Indirect – when a factor and disease are associated
only because both are related to some common underlying
condition
References:
• Sumile, E.F, et at., (2020) Community and Public Health Nursing
2nd Philippine Edition
• Maglaya, A.S (2013) Nursing Practice in the Community 5th
Edition
• who.int
• doh.gov.ph
• cdc.gov
• theglobalgraph.com
• statista.com

Health Statistics and Epidemiology

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Health Statistics and Epidemiology

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Health Statistics and Epidemiology

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

HEALTH STATISTICS

Secondary Data – are data that are collected by other

Maglaya, A.S (2013) Nursing Practice in the Community 5th Edition

Maglaya, A.S (2013) Nursing Practice in the Community 5th Edition

Maglaya, A.S (2013) Nursing Practice in the Community 5th Edition

Maglaya, A.S (2013) Nursing Practice in the Community 5th Edition

Maglaya, A.S (2013) Nursing Practice in the Community 5th Edition

Maglaya, A.S (2013) Nursing Practice in the Community 5th Edition

Population Composition - pertains to all measurable

Maglaya, A.S (2013) Nursing Practice in the Community 5th Edition

Is computed by dividing the number of males over the

Maglaya, A.S (2013) Nursing Practice in the Community 5th Edition

Used as an index of age-induced economic drain on

Maglaya, A.S (2013) Nursing Practice in the Community 5th Edition

Graphical presentation of the age and sex composition

Maglaya, A.S (2013) Nursing Practice in the Community 5th Edition

also called an "age-gender-pyramid", is a graphical

Maglaya, A.S (2013) Nursing Practice in the Community 5th Edition

Age below which 50% of the population fall and above

Maglaya, A.S (2013) Nursing Practice in the Community 5th Edition

Is the average number of years an infant is expected to

Maglaya, A.S (2013) Nursing Practice in the Community 5th Edition

Population Distribution - the way in which people are

Maglaya, A.S (2013) Nursing Practice in the Community 5th Edition

Shows the proportion of people living in urban

Maglaya, A.S (2013) Nursing Practice in the Community 5th Edition

Indicates the ease by which a communicable disease can

Maglaya, A.S (2013) Nursing Practice in the Community 5th Edition

Determines congestion of the places.

Maglaya, A.S (2013) Nursing Practice in the Community 5th Edition

Population Size – is the number of individuals in a

Maglaya, A.S (2013) Nursing Practice in the Community 5th Edition

Difference between the number of births and the

Maglaya, A.S (2013) Nursing Practice in the Community 5th Edition

Difference between CBR and CDR of a specific

Maglaya, A.S (2013) Nursing Practice in the Community 5th Edition

living longer and healthier.

which ensures that points of

Communicable Disease – are spread from one person

Noncommunicable Disease – are chronic disease

Endemic – refers to the constant presence and/or usual

Epidemic – increase, often sudden, in the number of

Cluster – refers to an aggregation of cases grouped in

Refers to the sequence of

Deals with the collection, organization, and analysis of

Maglaya, A.S (2013) Nursing Practice in the Community 5th Edition

Stating one’s definition of a disease/diagnosis based on

Maglaya, A.S (2013) Nursing Practice in the Community 5th Edition

1. Sensitivity – indicates the strength of association

Maglaya, A.S (2013) Nursing Practice in the Community 5th Edition

2. Specificity – shows the uniqueness of the association

Maglaya, A.S (2013) Nursing Practice in the Community 5th Edition

• Factors Affecting Distribution

1. Herd Immunity – state of resistance of a population

2. Susceptibility Status – determined by the number of

Maglaya, A.S (2013) Nursing Practice in the Community 5th Edition

One tries to find out if there is a statistical relationship

Maglaya, A.S (2013) Nursing Practice in the Community 5th Edition