CATEGORICAL

PROPOSITIONS
Four Categorical Propositions:
• There are four categorical propositions.
• A – All S is P
• E – No S is P
• I - Some S is P
• O – Some S is not P
• We can see that each categorical proposition has two classes, subject
class(S) and predicate class (P).
Continues…
• We can put any example in these categorical propositions, which are
as follows:
• A- All students are intelligent.
• E – No students are intelligent.
• I – Some students are intelligent.
• O – Some students are not intelligent.
Definition of each Categorical proposition:
• A – All S is P which says that subject class is completely included in
the predicate class.
CONTINUES…
• E – No S is P which says that subject class is completely excluded
from predicate class.
CONTINUES…
• I – Some S is P which says that subject class is partially included from
predicate class.
CONTINUES…
• O – Some S is not P which says that subject class is partially excluded
from predicate class.
Quantity of categorical propositions:
• Categorical Propositions: Quantity
• A – All S is P Universal

• E – No S is P Universal

• I – Some S is P Particular

• O – Some S is not P Particular

Quality of Categorical Propositions:
• Categorical Propositions: Quality
• A – All S is P Affirmative

• E – No S is P Negative

• I – Some S is P Affirmative

• O – Some S is not P Negative

Distribution of Categorical Propositions:
• Law of distribution: In a categorical proposition each class distributes
itself if it asserts the presence of all of its members.
• Now we apply this law to each class of each categorical proposition.
• Categorical Propositions: Subject Class Predicate Class
• A – All S is P Distributed Undistributed
• E – No S is P Distributed Distributed
• I - Some S is P Undistributed Undistributed
• O – Some S is not P Undistributed Distributed
Symbolic Representation of Categorical
Propositions:
HOW TO PRESENT AN EMPTY AND
NON-EMPTY CLASS IN A DIAGRAM?
• If there is S class which is empty we can represent it in a diagram as
follows:
Continues…
• If there is S class which is not empty, we can represent it like this:
The End.