EBB 220/3

MODEL FOR
VISCO-ELASTICITY

DR AZURA A.RASHID
Room 2.19
School of Materials And Mineral Resources Engineering,
Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, P. Pinang
Malaysia
 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
 It is difficult to predict the creep and stress relaxation for
polymeric materials.

 It is easier to predict the behaviour of polymeric materials

with the assumption  it behaves as linear viscoelastic
behaviour.

 Deformation of polymeric materials can be divided to two

components:
 Elastic component – Hooke’s law
 Viscous component – Newton’s law
 Deformation of polymeric materials  combination of
Hooke’s law and Newton’s law.
 Hooke’s
Hooke’s law
law &
& Newton’s
Newton’s Law
Law
• The behaviour of linear elastic were given by Hooke’s
law:
d de
  Ee or E
dt dt
• The behaviour of linear
viscous were given by E= Elastic modulus
Newton’s Law: = Stress
e=strain
de de/dt = strain rate
  d/dt = stress rate
dt = viscosity

** This equation only applicable at low strain

 Mechanical
Mechanical Model
Model
• Methods that used to predict the behaviour of visco-
elasticity.

• They consist of a combination of between elastic behaviour

and viscous behaviour.

• Two basic elements that been used in this model:

1. Elastic spring with modulus which follows Hooke’s law

2. Viscous dashpots with viscosity  which follows
Newton’s law.

• The models are used to explain the phenomena creep and

stress relaxation of polymers involved with different
combination of this two basic elements.
 CREEP STRESS RELAXATION

Constant stress is applied Constant strain is applied

 the strain relaxes as  the stress relaxes as
function of time function of time
• The common mechanical model that use to
explain the viscoelastic phenomena are:

1. Maxwell
• Spring and dashpot  align in series

2. Voigt
• Spring and dashpot  align in parallel

3. Standard linear solid

• One Maxwell model and one spring  align
in parallel.
 Maxwell
Maxwell Model
Model
• Maxwell model consist of spring and dashpot in series
and was developed to explain the mechanical
behaviour on tar.

• On the application of stress, the strain in each elements

are additive.

• The total strain is the sum of strain in spring & dashpot.

The stress each elements endures is the same.

Viscous dashpot Elastic spring

• Overall stress , overall strain e in the system is given
by:
e  e s  ed

es = strain in spring and ed = strain in dashpot dashpot

• Because the elements were in series  the stress is the

same for all elements,

 s d
• Equations for spring and dashpot can be written as:

d des ded
E and  
dt dt dt
• For Maxwell model, the strain rate is given as
de 1 d 
 
dt E dt 
• The accuracy of prediction the mechanical behaviour of
Maxwell model can be confirm.

• In creep case, the stress at maka d/dt = 0. The

equations can be written as:
de  0

dt 

• Maxwell model can predict the Newtonian behaviour

 the strain is predict to increased with time
 .
• The behavior of Maxwell
model during creep loading
(constant stress, strain
is predicted to increased
linearly with time

This is not the viscoelastic

behaviour of polymeric
materials  de/dt decreased
with time
• May be this model is useful to predict the behaviour of
polymeric materials during stress relaxation.
• In this case, the strain is constant e=e0 applied to the
system given de/dt =0
de 1 d  1 d 
   0 
dt E dt  E dt 
• then
d E
  dt
 

• Integration at t=0  given

 Et 
 0 eksp   
   = earlier stress
• The term E is constant for Maxwell model and
sometimes can be refered as time relaxation,  written
as:
 t 
   0 eksp  
 0 
• The exponential decreased in stress can be predicted 
give a better representation of polymeric materials
behaviour.

•Stress were predicted

completely relaxed with time
period  it is not the normal
case for polymer
 Voigt
Voigt Model
Model
• Can also known as the Kelvin model.

• It consists of a spring and dashpot in parallel.

• In application of strain, the stress of each element

is additive, and the strain in each element is the
same.
Elastic spring

Viscous dashpot
• The parallel arrangement of spring and dashpot gives
the strain e are the same for the system given by:
e  es  ed

es = strain in spring and ed = strain in dashpot

• Because the elements in parallel  stress  din every
elements are additive and the overall stress are
   s d

• Equation for spring and dahpot can be written as:

 s  Ee de
and d 
dt
• For Voigt model, the strain rate are
de  Ee
 
dt  
• The accuracy of prediction the mechanical behaviour of
Voigt model can be confirm.
• In creep case, stress is so d/dt = 0. The equation
can be written as:
de Ee  0
 
dt  
• The simple differential equation given by:
0   Et 
e 1  eksp   
E    
• Constant ratio E can be replace with time
relaxation, 
• Changes in strain with time for Voigt model that
having creep are given by:
0   t 
e 1  eksp   
E    0 

Figure shows polymer

behavior under creep
deformation strain rate
decreased with time

e  and t= 
• Voigt model fails to predict the stress relaxation
behaviour of polymer

• When the strain is constant at e0 and dan de/dt = 0 the

equation shows:
 Ee0 or
   Ee0
 
 The linear response is shown in the figure:

Behavior of Voigt model

at different loading 
Stress relaxation
 Standard
Standard linear
linear solid
solid
• As shown:
• Maxwell model can accurately predict the
phenomenon stress relaxation to a first
approximation.
• Voigt Model can accurately predict the
phenomenon creep to a first
approximation.

• Standard linear solid model was

developed to combined the Maxwell and
Voigt model  to describe both creep &
stress relaxation to a first approximation.
 Elastic spring

Viscous dashpot

• In consist  one Maxwell elements in parallel with a

spring.

• The presence on this second spring will stop the

tendency of Maxwell element undergoing viscous flow
during creep loading  but will still allow the stress
relaxation to occur
 Summary
Summary
• There were a lots of attempts to discover more
complex model that can give a good
approximation to predict viscoelastic behaviour
of polymeric materials.
• When the elements used is increased 
mathematical can be more complex.
• It can be emphasis that mechanical models can
only gives mathematical representations for
mechanical behaviour only  it not much
help to predict the behaviour of viscoelasticity at
molecular level.
 Boltzman
Boltzman superposition
superposition principle
principle
• Linear viscoelastic theory is Boltzman
superposition principle.

• It is the first mathematical statement of linear

viscoelastic behaviour that allows the state of
stress or strain in a viscoelastic body to
determine  from a knowledge of it’s entire
deformation history.

• This principle can be used to predict the

overall creep and stress relaxation of
polymeric materials
• Botzmann proposed that:

• The creep in a specimen is a function of it’s

entire loading history

• Each loading step makes an independent

contribution to the final deformation

• Overall deformation  algebraic sum of each

contribution
Illustrating the Boltzman superposition principle
 Example
Example of
of the
the exams
exams question
question
 What is the purpose of mechanical model
in visco-elasticity theories?

 Gives a brief description how the chosen

mechanical model can be used to estimate
the creep or stress relaxation behavior for
polymeric materials?
Thank you