Gauss'S Law: Powerpoint Lectures For

Chapter 22
Gauss’s Law
PowerPoint® Lectures for

University Physics, Thirteenth Edition
– Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman
Lectures by Wayne Anderson

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
Goals for Chapter 22
• To use the electric field at a surface to determine the

charge within the surface
• To learn the meaning of electric flux and how to

calculate it
• To learn the relationship between the electric flux

through a surface and the charge within the surface

Goals for Chapter 22
• To use Gauss’s law to calculate electric fields

• Recognizing symmetry
• Setting up two-dimensional surface integrals
• To learn where the charge on a conductor is located

Charge and electric flux
• Positive charge within the box produces outward
electric flux through the surface of the box.

• Positive charge within the box produces outward
electric flux through the surface of the box.
More charge = more flux!

• Negative charge produces inward flux.

• More negative charge – more inward flux!

Zero net charge inside a box
• Three cases of zero net charge inside a box
• No net electric flux through surface of box!




What affects the flux through a box?
• Doubling charge within box doubles flux.

What affects the flux through a box?
• Doubling charge within box doubles flux.
• Doubling size of box does NOT change flux.

Uniform E fields and Units of Electric Flux
For a UNIFORM E field (in space)
= E·A = EA cos(°)
C · m2 = Nm2/C

Calculating electric flux in uniform fields



Example 22.1 - Electric flux through a disk
Disk of radius 0.10 m with n at 30 degrees to E, with a
magnitude of 2.0 x 103 N/C. What is the flux?

magnitude of 2.0 x 103 N/C. What is the flux?
 = E·A = EA cos(30°)
A = r2 = 0.0314 m2
 =54 Nm2/C

magnitude of 2.0 x 103 N/C. What is the flux? What if
n is perpendicular to E? Parallel to E?

Electric flux through a cube
• An imaginary cube of side L is in a region of uniform
E. Find the flux through each side…

Electric flux through a sphere
 = ∫ E·dA

 = ∫ E·dA
E = kq/r2
= 1/(40) q/r2
and is parallel to dA
everywhere on the surface
 = ∫ E·dA = E ∫dA = EA

 = ∫ E·dA
E = kq/r2 and is parallel to dA

everywhere on the surface
 = ∫ E·dA = E ∫dA = EA
For q = +3.0nC, flux through sphere of radius r=.20 m?

Gauss’ Law
= ∫ E·dA =qenc
0
S

Gauss’ Law
0
S
Electric Flux is produced by charge

in space

Gauss’ Law
0
S
You integrate over a CLOSED

surface (two dimensions!)

Gauss’ Law
0
S
E field is a VECTOR

Gauss’ Law
0
S
Infinitesimal area element dA is

also a vector; this is what you sum

Gauss’ Law
0
S
Dot product tells you to find the part

of E that is PARALLEL to dA at that
point (perpendicular to the surface)

Gauss’ Law
0
S
Dot product is a scalar: E·dA =

ExdAx + EydAy + EzdAz = |E||dA|cos

Gauss’ Law
0
S
The TOTAL amount of charge…

Gauss’ Law
… but ONLY charge inside S

counts!
0
S

Gauss’ Law
0
S
The electrical permittivity of free space,

through which the field is acting.

Why is Gauss’ Law Useful?
• Given info about a distribution of electric

charge, find the flux through a surface
enclosing that charge.
•Given info about the flux through a closed

surface, find the total charge enclosed by that
surface.
•For highly symmetric distributions, find the E

field itself rather than just the flux.

Gauss’ Law for Spherical Surface…
• Flux through sphere is

independent of size of
sphere
• Flux depends only on

charge inside.
 = ∫ E·dA = +q/0

Point charge inside a nonspherical surface
As before, flux is independent of surface &

depends only on charge inside.

Positive and negative flux
• Flux is positive if enclosed charge is positive, &
negative if charge is negative.

Conceptual Example 22.4
• What is the flux through the surfaces A, B, C, and D?

A = +q/0

B = -q/0 A = +q/0

B = -q/0 A = +q/0
C = 0 !

B = -q/0 A = +q/0
C = 0 !
D = 0 !!

Applications of Gauss’s law
• Under electrostatic conditions, any excess charge on a conductor
resides entirely on its surface.
• Under electrostatic conditions, E field inside a conductor is 0!

• Under electrostatic conditions, E field inside

a conductor is 0!
WHY ???

• Under electrostatic conditions, E field inside

a conductor is 0!
• Assume the opposite! IF E field inside a conductor

is not zero, then …
– E field WILL act on free charges in conductor
– Those charges WILL move in response to the force of the field
– They STOP moving when net force = 0
– Which means IF static, THEN no field inside conductor!

• Under electrostatic conditions, field outside ANY spherical
conductor looks just like a point charge!

Example 22.6: Field of a line charge
• E around an infinite positive wire of charge density ?
·E = ?
·E = ?
Charge/meter = 
·E = ?
·E = ?

Charge/meter = 
·E = ?
• You know charge, you WANT E field (Gauss’ Law!)
• Choose Gaussian Surface with symmetry to match

charge distribution to make calculating ∫ E·dA easy!

Imagine closed cylindrical Gaussian Surface

around the wire a distance r away…

• Look at ∫ E·dA; remember CLOSED surface!

• Three components: the cylindrical side,
and the two ends. Need flux across each!

•E is orthogonal to dA at the end caps.
•E is parallel (radially outwards) to dA on cylinder

•E is constant in value everywhere on the cylinder

at a distance r from the wire!

•E is parallel to dA everywhere on the cylinder, so

E ◦ dA = EdA
 = ∫ E·dA= ∫ EdA

dA
rd
d dl
r
•The integration over area is two-dimensional

|dA| = (rd dl


 = ∫ E·dA = ∫ ∫ E(rd)dl


 = ∫ E·dA = ∫ ∫ (E) · (rd)dl = E ∫ ∫ rddl

•Limits of integration?
• dgoes from 0 to 2
• dl goes from 0 to l (length of cylinder)
 = ∫ E·dA = E ∫ ∫ rddl

Surface Area of
cylinder (but not
end caps, since
net flux there = 0


 = ∫ E·dA = (E) x (Surface Area!) = E(2r)l

How much charge enclosed in the closed surface?

How much charge enclosed in the closed surface?

Q(enclosed) = (charge density) x (length) = l

So… q/0 = (l) /0
Gauss’ Law gives us the flux
 = E(2r) l = q/0 = (l) /0

Don’t
forget E
is a
vector!
And… E = (l) /0 r = ( / 2r 0) r
(2r) l
Unit vector
radially out
from line
Field of a sheet of charge
• Example 22.7 for an infinite plane sheet of charge?

• Example 22.7: What is E field a distance x away for an infinite
plane sheet of charge with Q coulombs/sq. meter ?
Find Q enclosed to start!
Qenc = A
Where  is the
charge/area of the sheet

Flux through entire closed

surface of the cylinder?
∫ E·dA
= E1A (left) + E2A (right) (only)
Why no flux through the cylinder?

Flux through entire closed

surface of the cylinder?
∫ E·dA = Qenc /0
= 2EA = Qenc /0 = A / 0
So
E =  / 20 for infinite sheet

Ex. 22.8 Field between two parallel conducting plates
• E field between oppositely charged parallel conducting plates.

Field between two parallel conducting plates
• Superposition of TWO E fields, from each plate…

Field between two parallel conducting plates
• Superposition of 2 fields from infinite sheets with same charge!
For EACH sheet,
E =  / 20
And  is the same in

magnitude, directions of E
field from both sheets is the
same, so
Enet = 2( / 20) =  / 0

Ex. 22.9 - A uniformly charged insulating sphere
• E field both inside and outside a sphere uniformly filled with
charge.

charge.
• E field outside a sphere

uniformly filled with charge?
EASY
• Looks like a point=charge
field!

A uniformly charged insulating sphere
• E field inside a sphere uniformly filled with charge.
Find Qenclosed to start!
Start with charge density function 
Qtotal/Volume (if uniform)

Could be non-uniform! r) r

Find Qenclosed in sphere of radius r <R?
Qenclosed = (4/3 r3 ) x 

Find Flux through surface?
•E field uniform, constant at any r
•E is parallel to dA at surface
so…
= ∫ E·dA = E(4r2)

= ∫ E·dA = E(4r2) = (4/3 r3 ) x 
And
E = r/30 (for r < R)
or
E = Qr/4R30 (for r < R)

charge.

Charges on conductors with cavities
• E = 0 inside conductor…

• Empty cavity inside conductor has no field,
nor charge on inner surface

• Isolated charges inside cavity “induce” opposite charge, canceling field
inside the conductor!

A conductor with a cavity
• Conceptual Example 22.11

Electrostatic shielding
• A conducting box (a Faraday cage) in an electric field
shields the interior from the field.

Electrostatic shielding
• A conducting box (a Faraday cage) in an electric field
shields the interior from the field.
See http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FvtfE-ha8dE

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Chapter 22

PowerPoint® Lectures for

Lectures by Wayne Anderson

• To use the electric field at a surface to determine the

• To learn the meaning of electric flux and how to

• To learn the relationship between the electric flux

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

• To use Gauss’s law to calculate electric fields

• Setting up two-dimensional surface integrals

• To learn where the charge on a conductor is located

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

More charge = more flux!

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

• Doubling size of box does NOT change flux.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

For a UNIFORM E field (in space)

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

E = kq/r2 and is parallel to dA

For q = +3.0nC, flux through sphere of radius r=.20 m?

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Electric Flux is produced by charge

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

You integrate over a CLOSED

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Infinitesimal area element dA is

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Dot product tells you to find the part

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Dot product is a scalar: E·dA =

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

The TOTAL amount of charge…

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

… but ONLY charge inside S

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

The electrical permittivity of free space,

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

• Given info about a distribution of electric

•Given info about the flux through a closed

•For highly symmetric distributions, find the E

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

• Flux through sphere is

• Flux depends only on

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

As before, flux is independent of surface &