TRANSPORT and

REGULATION
 TODAY’s AIM
1. Describe the transport of substances in xylem and
phloem
2. Explain the functions of structures in animal
circulation
3. Trace the path of blood in the systematic and the
pulmonary circulation
 TODAY’s AIM
1. Compare innate and adaptive immune responses.
2. Describe how the innate immune response helps protect a
person from illness
3. Explain why the innate immune response (inflammation in
particular) is essential for a protective immune response.
MULTIPLE
INTELLIGENCES
Verbal/Linguistic

Logical
 L E T ’ S G E T S TA RT E D

What can you say about this

diagram?
 PLANT
TRANSPORT
 PLANT TRANSPORT

a. Absorption of water through

the roots

b. Up and down movement of

substances in phloem
 PLANT TRANSPORT

Absorption of water plus

macronutrients and
micronutrients through the root
system is possible by diffusion.

ABSORPTION O F WAT E R T H R O U G H T H E R O O T S
 PLANT TRANSPORT

Diffusion is a very important

process for photosynthesis
where carbon dioxide from the
stomata diffuses into the leaves
and finally into the cells.

ABSORPTION O F WAT E R T H R O U G H T H E R O O T S
 PLANT TRANSPORT

Root hairs increase the surface

area for transport.

Water molecules passes through the

epidermis, cortex, endodermis and the
pericycle; then they move upwards by
means of xylem vessels.

ABSORPTION O F WAT E R T H R O U G H T H E R O O T S
 PLANT TRANSPORT

Ascent od xylem sap is explained as a

PUSH from below by the water molecules
gushing upwards through the xylem vessels.
Can also be described as PULL from above
by a combination of transpiration and
cohesion of water molecules through
hydrogen bonds.

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES IN PHLOEM

 PLANT TRANSPORT

Pressure flow or bulk flow maintains that in

the plant there is a source cell and a sink
cell.
SOURCE CELL is where photosynthesis
takes place
SINK CELL is where the nutrients are
needed.

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES IN PHLOEM

 PLANT TRANSPORT

LEAF cells are also the SOURCE cells.

Sucrose and other substances accumulate in
the source and due to high concentration,
they have flown down (or up) where they
are headed to.

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES IN PHLOEM

 PLANT TRANSPORT

Sink cells are growing parts of the plants-

buds, flowers, fruits, root tips.
In this way, phloem tissues carry materials
down and up.
Xylem lies adjacent to phloem tissues and
water may easily diffuse from xylem to
phloem.
Materials are transported up and down the
plant body by a combination of the actions
of phloem and xylem cells.

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES IN PHLOEM

 ANIMAL
CIRCULATION
 A N I M A L C I R C U L AT I O N

In an open circulatory system, blood vessels

transport all fluids into a cavity. When the
animal moves, the blood inside the cavity
moves freely around the body in all
directions. The blood bathes the organs
directly, thus supplying oxygen and removing
waste from the organs.
 A N I M A L C I R C U L AT I O N

Blood flows at a very slow speed due to the

absence of smooth muscles, which, as you
learnt previously, are responsible for
contraction of blood vessels. Most
invertebrates (crabs, insects, snails etc.) have
an open circulatory system. The figure beside
shows a schematic of an open circulatory
system delivering blood directly to tissues.
 A N I M A L C I R C U L AT I O N

Closed circulatory systems are different

to open circulatory systems because
blood never leaves the blood vessels.
Instead, it is transferred from one blood
vessel to another continuously without
entering a cavity.
 A N I M A L C I R C U L AT I O N

Blood is transported in a single direction,

delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells
and removing waste products. Closed
circulatory systems can be further
divided into single circulatory systems
and double circulatory systems.
 A N I M A L C I R C U L AT I O N

Single circulatory pathways as shown in

the diagram below consist of a double
chambered heart with an atrium and
ventricle (the heart structure will be
described in detail later in this chapter).
Fish possess single circulation
pathways.

SINGLE C I R C U L AT I O N
 A N I M A L C I R C U L AT I O N

The heart pumps deoxygenated blood to

the gills where it gets oxygenated.
Oxygenated blood is then supplied to
the entire fish body, with deoxygenated
blood returned to the heart.

SINGLE C I R C U L AT I O N
 A N I M A L C I R C U L AT I O N

Double circulation pathways are found

in birds and mammals. Animals with
this type of circulatory system have a
four-chambered heart.

D O U B L E C I R C U L AT I O N
 A N I M A L C I R C U L AT I O N

The right atrium receives deoxygenated

from the body and the right ventricle
sends it to the lungs to be oxygenated.
The left atrium receives oxygenated
blood from the lungs and the left
ventricle sends it to the rest of the body.

D O U B L E C I R C U L AT I O N
 A N I M A L C I R C U L AT I O N

Most mammals, including humans, have

this type of circulatory system. These
circulatory systems are called 'double'
circulatory systems because they are
made up of two circuits, referred to as
the pulmonary and systemic circulator
y systems.

D O U B L E C I R C U L AT I O N
 A N I M A L C I R C U L AT I O N

Humans, birds, and mammals have a four-chambered heart.

Fish have a two-chambered heart, one atrium and one
ventricle.
Amphibians have a three-chambered heart with two atria and
one ventricle.
The advantage of a four chambered heart is that there is no
mixture of the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
A N I M A L C I R C U L AT I O N

The left side of the heart pumps

oxygenated blood into the
systematic circulation to all
tissues of the body except the
air sacs(alveoli) of the lungs.
A N I M A L C I R C U L AT I O N

The right side of the heart

pumps deoxygenated blood
into the pulmonary circulation
to all tissues of the body except
the air sacs(alveoli) of the
lungs.
IMMUNE
SYSTEM
 IMMUNE SYSTEM

What causes me:

Common colds Influenza
(rhinoviruses) (influenza virus)

Diarrhea
(various bacterial toxins)
 IMMUNE SYSTEM

Innate Immune System

Its response consists of physical, chemical and cellular
defenses against pathogens.
The main purpose of the innate immune response is to
immediately prevent the spread and movement of
foreign pathogens throughout the body.
 IMMUNE SYSTEM

Adaptive Immune System

It is also referred to as acquired immunity or specific immunity and
is only found in vertebrates.
The adaptive immune response is specific to the pathogen
presented. The adaptive immune response is meant to attack non-
self pathogens but can sometimes make errors and attack itself.
 IMMUNE SYSTEM

D I F F E R E N C E B E T W E E N I N N AT E A N D A D A P T I V E
 IMMUNE SYSTEM

D I F F E R E N C E B E T W E E N I N N AT E A N D A D A P T I V E
 IMMUNE SYSTEM

D I F F E R E N C E B E T W E E N I N N AT E A N D A D A P T I V E
 IMMUNE SYSTEM

D I F F E R E N C E B E T W E E N I N N AT E A N D A D A P T I V E
 ANTIBODY
and ANTIGENS
 ANTIBODY and ANTIGENS

ANTIBODY
It is a protein produced by
our immune system to
specifically bind a target.
It targeted parts
 ANTIBODY and ANTIGENS

ANTIGEN
It is a substance/part of pathogen
that generate an immune
response.
This response usually leads to
the production of a specific
“antibody” for the given target.
Thankyou!!!